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Mariupol Gothic is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 15,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.
{{Infobox language
|image            =
|imagesize        =
|imagecaption      =
|name              = Mariupol Gothic
|nativename        = Гутишка (Gutiškă)
|pronunciation    = 'ɦutɪʃkə
|states            = Ukraine
|setting          = Earth
|created          = 2019
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3              = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4              =
|fam5              =
|creator          = User:Aelfwine
|stand1            =
|dia1              =
|dia2              =
|dia3              =
|script1          = Cyrl
|script2          = Latn
|script3          =
|script4          =
|nation            =
|minority          = Ukraine, Russia
|agency            =
|map              =
|mapsize          =
|mapcaption        =
|notice            = IPA
|ethnicity        =
|ancestor          = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2        = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3        = Old Gothic
|ancestor4        = Middle Gothic
|ancestor5        =
}}
 
'''Mariupol Gothic''' (natively '''Гутишка ''Gutiškă''''' ['ɦutɪʃkə]) or '''Gothish''' is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.


== History ==
== History ==
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During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
== Historical Development ==
=== Classical Gothic (c. 400–800) ===
* Loss of initial /h/ in all positions.
** ''handu'' → ''andu'' "hand"
** ''hūs'' → ''ūs'' "house"
* Simplification of geminate consonants.
** /tt kk ss/ → /t k s/
** ''sittan'' → ''sitan'' “to sit”
* Raising of long mid vowels.
** /eː/ → /iː/
*** ''dēdan'' → ''dīdan'' “to do”
** /oː/ → /uː/
*** ''bōks'' → ''būks'' “book”
* Short vowels remained unchanged during this stage.
==== Early Middle Gothic (c. 800–1200) ====
* Palatalization of velar consonants before front vowels.
** /k/ → /t͡ʃ/
*** ''mikils'' → /mit͡ʃils/ “big”
** /g/ → /j/
*** ''giban'' → /jiban/ "to give"
* Reduction of unstressed non-high vowels.
** /a e o/ → [ə] in unstressed syllables
*** ''sunō'' → ''sunə'' “sons”
* Fronting of /β/
** /β/ → /v/
*** /jiban/ → /jivan/ "to give"
==== Late Middle Gothic (after c. 1200) ====
* Lowering of short /i/.
** /i/ → /ɪ/
* Loss of vowel length contrast.
** Long and short vowels merged, with /ɪ/ remaining distinct from /i/.
*** ''dīdan'' → ''didan'' “to do”
*** ''mikils'' → /mɪt͡ʃəls/ “big”
** /uː u/ → /u/
*** ''būks'' → ''buks'' “book”
* Loss of word-final high vowels.
** Final /i u/ → ∅
*** ''suni'' → ''sun'' "son"
*** ''andu'' → ''and'' "hand"
* General weakening of /g/ in all positions.
** /g/ → /ɣ/ → /ɦ/
*** ''dag'' → /daɦ/ “day”
==== Modern Gothic (c. 1600 onwards) ====
* Word-final obstruent devoicing.
** /b d z v ɦ/ → [p t s f h] word-finally
*** /daɦ/ → [dah] “day”
* Secondary palatalization of dental consonants and affricates before front vowels.
** /t d s z n r l t͡ʃ/ → [Cʲ] / _ {i, e}
*** ''nі'' → [nʲi] “not”


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==


Since the 1920s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.
Since the 1800s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Orthography of Mariupol Gothic
! Letter
! Cyrillic !! Latin !! Phoneme !! Notes
! Position
! Latin Equivalent
! Phoneme
|-
|-
| [[w:A (Cyrillic)|А а]] || 1 || A a || /ɑ, ɑː/
| а || a || /a/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
|-
| [[w:Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]] || 2 || B b || /b/
| б || b || /b/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]] || 3 || V v || /v/
| в || w || /v/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]] || 4 || Gh gh || /ɣ/
| г || h || /ɦ/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ghe with upturn|Ґ ґ]] || 5 || G g || /g/
| ґ || g || /g/ || Mostly loanwords
|-
|-
| [[w:De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] || 6 || D d || /d/
| д || d || /d/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ye (Cyrillic)|Е e]] || 7 || E e || /e, eː/
| е || e || /e/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ukrainian Ye|Є є]] || 8 || Je je || /je/
| є || je || /je/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:e (Cyrillic)|Э э]] || 9 || Ă ă || /ə/
| з || z || /z/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]] || 10 || Z z || /z/
| и || ĭ / ï || /ɪ/ || Often written ''i'' in non-scholarly Latin
|-
|-
| [[w:I (Cyrillic)|И и]] || 11 || I i || /i, iː/
| i || i || /i/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Dotted I (Cyrillic)|Ї ї]] || 12 || Ji ji || /ji/
| ї || ji || /ji/ || Can also represent /jɪ/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]] || 13 || K k || /k/
| й || j || /j/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:El (Cyrillic)|Л л]] || 14 || L l || /l/
| к || k || /k/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Em (Cyrillic)|М м]] || 15 || M m || /m/
| л || l || /l/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:En (Cyrillic)|Н н]] || 16 || N n || /n/
| м || m || /m/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:O (Cyrillic)|О o]] || 17 || O o || /o, oː/
| н || n || /n/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]] || 18 || P p || /p/
| о || o || /o/ || Also represents unstressed /ə/
|-
|-
| [[w:Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]] || 19 || R r || /r/
| п || p || /p/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Es (Cyrillic)|С с]] || 20 || S s ||| /s/
| р || r || /r/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]] || 21 || T t || /t/
| с || s || /s/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:U (Cyrillic)|У у]] || 22 || U u || /u, uː/
| т || t || /t/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]] || 23 || F f || /f/
| у || u || /u/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ ѱ]] || 24 || Th th || /θ/
| ф || f || /f/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]] || 25 || Ch ch || /x/
| ѱ || þ || /θ/ || Inherited from Gothic ''𐌸''
|-
|-
| [[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]] || 26 || Sch sch || /ʃ/
| ч || č || /t͡ʃ/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Shcha|Щ щ]] || 27 || St st || /ʃt/
| ш || š || /ʃ/ ||  
|-
|-
| [[w:Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]] || 28 || Ju ju || /ju/
| ю || ju || /ju/ ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ya (Cyrillic)| Я я]] || 29 || Ja ja || /ja/
| я || ja || /ja/ ||
|}
|}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==


=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
 
== Nouns ==


=== Strong Masculine Stems ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|+ Consonant phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!              !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p&nbsp;b || || || t&nbsp;d || || || k (g) ||
|-
|-
!
! Fricative
! Singular
| || f&nbsp;v || θ || s&nbsp;z || ʃ || || || ɦ
! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Affricate
| дахс
| || || || || t͡ʃ || || ||
| дагэс
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Nasal
| дах
| m || || || n || || || ||  
| дагэнс
|-
|-
! Approximant
| || || || r&nbsp;l || || j || ||
|}
|}


=== Weak Masculine Stems ===
* All consonants may undergo secondary palatalization [ʲ] before front vowels; this palatalization is allophonic and not phonemic.
* Word-final obstruents are devoiced phonetically but remain voiced phonemically.


Mariupol Gothic weak masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of a weak masculine stem noun, '''миэнэ''' (moon):
=== Vowels ===


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Vowel phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
!
!       !! Front !! Central !! Back
! Singular
! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Close
| миэнэ
| i || ɪ || u
| миэнэнс
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Mid
| миэнэ
| e || ə || o
| миэнэнс
|-
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
|}


=== Strong Feminine Stems ===
* The vowel /ə/ occurs only as an allophone of unstressed /a e o/ and is not considered phonemic.
 
== Nouns ==


Mariupol Gothic strong feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ō-, ī- and jō-stem feminine nouns. Example of a strong feminine stem noun, '''раздэ''' (language):
=== Masculine Stems ===


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
=== Strong Masculine Stems ===
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
! Oblique
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
|}


=== Weak Feminine Stems ===
Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, '''мiна''' (moon):


Mariupol Gothic weak feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ōn- and in-stem feminine nouns. Example of a weak feminine stem noun, '''тунгэ''' (tongue):
=== Strong Feminine Stems ===


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
=== Weak Feminine Stems ===
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| тунгэ
| тунгэнс
|-
! Oblique
| тунгэн
| тунгэнс
|-
|}


=== Strong Neuter Stems ===
=== Strong Neuter Stems ===


Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''броэт''' (bread):  
Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''брот''' (bread):
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| броэт
| броэдэ
|-
! Oblique
| броэт
| броэдэ
|-
|}


=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''оэгэ''' (eye):
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| оэгэ
| оэгэнэ
|-
! Oblique
| оэгэ
| оэгэнэ
|-
|}


== Adjectives ==
== Adjectives ==


The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree with case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=7|Strong
!colspan=6|Weak
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
|-
!NOM
| -с || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -эс || rowspan=2 | -этэ <br> - || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энэ
|-
!OBL
| - || -эн
|}
 
== Sound Changes ==
 
=== Loss of /h/ ===
 
=== Raising of long vowels ===
 
=== Monophthongization of /ai/ and /au/ ===
 
=== A-mutation ===
 
=== Devoicing of final fricatives ===
 
=== Palatalization ===


Mariupol Gothic changes /s/ to /ʃ/ before all sonorants (/m/, /n/, /l/, /w/). Additionally it changes /sk/ to /ʃ/.
== Verbs ==


=== Unstressed Vowel Reduction ===
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -eн.


=== Diphthongization of Long Vowels ===
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геeн ''geen'' "to go."


eː > eə, iː > iə, oː > oə, uː > uə
== Lord's Prayer ==
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Mariupol_Gothic"