Kundarayo: Difference between revisions
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* Between vowels or at the beginning of sentences when they start with a vowel an intrusive [ʔ] is appended as an onset | |||
* When intervocalicly, /p t k/ become [b d g] | * When intervocalicly, /p t k/ become [b d g] | ||
* When at the end of a syllable, /p t s k ɾ/ become [p̚ t̚ t̚ k̚ l] | * When at the end of a syllable, /p t s k ɾ/ become [p̚ t̚ t̚ k̚ l] | ||
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* Clusters in the form /CjV/ and /CwV/ only occur in Chinese loans, and in those, / | * Clusters in the form /CjV/ and /CwV/ only occur in Chinese loans, and in those, /wo/ and /jɨ/ /wɨ/ don't occur. | ||
* Since /ɨ/ and /i/ are in complementary distribution, some (Russian) linguists claim that they are the same phoneme, with /"jɨ"/ and /"wɨ"/ being [i] and [wi], however they come from different phonemes, and though /i/ is the only monophthong which palatalizes consonants, it also appears in native vocabulary, making it more of an monophthong. In this page we will consider /ɨ/ and /i/ separate phonemes | * Since /ɨ/ and /i/ are in complementary distribution, some (Russian) linguists claim that they are the same phoneme, with /"jɨ"/ and /"wɨ"/ being [i] and [wi], however they come from different phonemes, and though /i/ is the only monophthong which palatalizes consonants, it also appears in native vocabulary, making it more of an monophthong. In this page we will consider /ɨ/ and /i/ separate phonemes | ||
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!w- | !w- | ||
|wa | |wa | ||
| | |wʌ | ||
! | |||
|(u) | |(u) | ||
|wi | |wi | ||
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== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
Although Kundara has had various orthographies, the most commonly in use today is Hangeul: | Although Kundara has had various orthographies, the most commonly in use today is Hangeul: | ||
=== Hangeul === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!p<sup>h</sup> | !p<sup>h</sup> | ||
!t<sup>h</sup> | !t<sup>h</sup> | ||
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!j- | !j- | ||
|야 | |야 | ||
|여 | |||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
|요 | |요 | ||
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|와 | |와 | ||
|워 | |워 | ||
! | |||
! | ! | ||
|위 | |위 | ||
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|} | |} | ||
* Similar to Korean, the old diphthongs *ai and *ei both are now pronounced [e], however 애 (*ai) is more common, and its the one used for modern loans. | * Similar to Korean, the old diphthongs *ai and *ei both are now pronounced [e], however 애 (*ai) is more common, and its the one used for modern loans. | ||
== Grammar == | |||
=== Particles === | |||
Kundara uses a handful of particles or postpositions to mark important roles or relationships between words | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Particle | |||
!Use | |||
!Jap. Eq. | |||
!Used after | |||
|- | |||
|가 | |||
|Marks the topic | |||
|が | |||
|Nouns | |||
|- | |||
|가 | |||
|Marks a question | |||
|か | |||
|Verbs | |||
|- | |||
|워 | |||
|Marks the object | |||
|を | |||
|Nouns | |||
|- | |||
|두 | |||
|Genitive particle | |||
|の | |||
|Nouns | |||
|- | |||
|바 | |||
| rowspan="2" |Marks the subject | |||
| rowspan="2" |は | |||
|Nouns | |||
|- | |||
|느 | |||
|Nouns | |||
|- | |||
|니 | |||
|Marks position or direction | |||
|に、へ | |||
|Nouns | |||
|- | |||
|알 | |||
|Connects nominal adjectives | |||
|な | |||
|Adjectives | |||
|- | |||
|드 | |||
|Conects words together | |||
|で | |||
|Everything | |||
|} | |||