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{{privatelang}} | {{privatelang}}{{movedon}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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|ancestor5 = Růpläch Dialect | |ancestor5 = Růpläch Dialect | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Cleepoyish''' (Standard Cleepoyish: '''Klippöisk''' /ˈklɪpœɪ̯sk/), also known as '''Cleepoyic''', is a Lesionic ( | '''Cleepoyish''' (Standard Cleepoyish: '''Klippöisk''' /ˈklɪpœɪ̯sk/), also known as '''Cleepoyic''', is a Lesionic (Central Germanic) language spoken on the island of [[w:Bornholm|Cleepoy]]. It is the second most spoken Lesionic language, with about 40,000 speakers all concentrated atop Cleepoy. It is also one of the two co-official languages of the Republic of Cleepoy (alongside [[w:Danish Language|Danish]]). | ||
The modern standard form of the Cleepoyish Language, which this article mainly covers, stems from the pre-Danish dialects spoken in and around [[w:Rønne|Růpläch]], and was established in order to promote cleepoyish identity and phase out at-the-time dominating foreign languages such as Danish and Swedish on the island. As such, it employs a heavily etymological, yet consistent, orthography and a partly traditional phonology compared to that of other surviving dialects of Cleepoyish. | The modern standard form of the Cleepoyish Language, which this article mainly covers, stems from the pre-Danish dialects spoken in and around [[w:Rønne|Růpläch]], and was established in order to promote cleepoyish identity and phase out at-the-time dominating foreign languages such as Danish and Swedish on the island. As such, it employs a heavily etymological, yet consistent, orthography and a partly traditional phonology compared to that of other surviving dialects of Cleepoyish. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:Germanic dialects w.Lesionic.png|200px|thumb|The distribution of the primary Germanic languages in Europe in around AD 1: | |||
{{legend|Blue|North Germanic, or '''Scandinavian'''}} | |||
{{legend|Red|North Sea Germanic, or '''Ingvaeonic'''}} | |||
{{legend|Orange|Weser–Rhine Germanic, or '''Istvaeonic'''}} | |||
{{legend|Purple|Elbe-Oder Germanic, or '''Lesionic'''}} | |||
{{legend|Yellow|Elbe Germanic, or '''Irminonic'''}} | |||
{{legend|Green|Oder-Vistula Germanic, or '''Vistulic'''}}]] | |||
Cleepoyish is classified under the [[w:Germanic languages | Germanic]] family of the [[w:Indo-European languages | Indo-European languages]], specifically the Lesionic branch of Germanic (with the other branches being the [[w:North Germanic languages | Scandinavian]], [[w:North Sea Germanic | Ingvaeonic]], [[w:Weser–Rhine Germanic | Istvaeonic]], [[w:Elbe Germanic | Irminonic]], and [[w:East Germanic languages | Vistulic]] branches). Cleepoyish is generally divided into two periods: Old Cleepoyish (500–1600), which existed as a dialect continuum between collections of settlements on Cleepoy, and Modern Cleepoyish (1600–), which are the remaining dialects (including the standard vernacular). | |||
===Etymology=== | |||
The name ''Cleepoyish'' comes from the island of ''Cleepoy'', attested in the English language from as early as 15<sup>th</sup> century. It is believed to have been imported from [[w: Middle Dutch | Middle Dutch]] ''Cleepoej(e)'', which in turn is ultimately from dialectical Old Cleepoyish ''Klippoujo'' (compare Růpläch Old Cleepoyish ''Klippæujœ'', yielding Modern Cleepoyish ''Klippäuj''), composed from ''klipp(e)'' (''"rock"; a [[w: Middle Low German | Middle Low German]] loan'') and ''oujo'' (''"island"''). The native name ''Klippöisk'' comes from virtually the same derivation, a shortening of Old ''Klippæujœisk'', from ''Klippæujœ'' plus ''-isk''. | |||
===Old Cleepoyish=== | |||
By the 6<sup>th</sup> century, the language spoken on Cleepoy by Lesionic peoples post-Slavic migration to Central Europe was discernably divergent enough to warrant its own language. The oldest attested Cleepoyish texts are of Late Old Cleepoyish in major cities and settlements, but due to descriptions of the language during that time and the great amount of inconsistency in writing, we can assume that Old Cleepoyish existed on an anomalously diverse dialect continuum, wherein each group of settlements would speak and attestedly write in a dialect slightly different from the neighboring settlements. For instance, "language" would be attested in forms ranging from ''mꜵþel'' (Růpläch) and ''maþl'' (Håsöl) all the way to ''mædel'' (Nykrįs), ''mofle'' (Kirpläch), and even ''metþil'' (Akripläch). | |||
===Modern Cleepoyish=== | |||
Due to Cleepoy's strategic position and trade being the main source of income for many Cleepoyer cities, Cleepoyish would interact with a plethora of languages, ranging from Low German to Danish to Finnish. After the Danish invasion of the first unsuccessful independent Cleepoyer state in 1666, Cleepoy began to receive an increasing amount of Danish settlers, bringing their language with them. By 1800, nearly every major settlement had a Danish linguistic majority, with many dialect groups being permanently wiped and replaced by Danish. | |||
By the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century, approximately 80 years after the second Cleepoyish republic was established, a total revitalization plan for the Cleepoyish language, partly influenced by fascist rhetoric, was put into place. A standardized form of the language based on surviving Růpläch Cleepoyish dialects would be made, and would be made the sole official language of all aspects of life. Harsh measures were implemented, especially against Danish speakers, to establish needed the foundation of Standard Cleepoyish all across the island, to the extent that Denmark issued official disapproval to the Cleepoyish parliament. Nevertheless, it only took just over one generation to re-establish Cleepoyish as a majority language in Cleepoy, and so far it holds the absolute majority. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
* /m n z l ʃ j w/ | * /m n z l ʃ j w/ can become geminated. /r/ may also geminate but only in nonnative words like ⟨{{c|herr}}⟩ /ɛrː/. | ||
* /n̥/, depending on speaker, may be naturally geminated [n̥ː]. | * /n̥/, depending on speaker, may be naturally geminated [n̥ː]. | ||
* /ɡ/ is an allophone | * /ɡ/ is an allophone of /k/ intervocalically. | ||
* a rising number of | * a rising number of speakers de-affricate /c͡ç/ to [ç]. | ||
* /ɟ͡ʝ/ is now largely dated and is instead merged with /c͡ç/ for the vast majority of younger speakers. | * /ɟ͡ʝ/ is now largely dated and is instead merged with /c͡ç/ for the vast majority of younger speakers. | ||
* /p͡ɸ t͡s/ appear only in loans from German like | * /p͡ɸ t͡s/ appear only in loans from German like ⟨{{c|pferd}}⟩ /p͡ɸɛrt/ & ⟨{{c|cart}}⟩ /t͡sart/. | ||
* /r/ may either be: | * /r/ may either be: | ||
** a tap [ɾ], which is the most common. | ** a tap [ɾ], which is the most common. | ||
** a trill [r], less common but not rare. | ** a trill [r], less common but not rare. | ||
** guttural [ʁ~ʀ], by far the least common and tends come off as haughty or pretentious. | ** a guttural [ʁ~ʀ], by far the least common and tends come off as haughty or pretentious. | ||
*... though /r̥/ is always trilled [r̥(ˑ)]. | *... though /r̥/ is always trilled [r̥(ˑ)]. | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
The Cleepoyish Alphabet consists of 41 distinct letters (including letters with diacritics), 18 of which are vowels. The Cleepoyish Alphabet went through very minimal reforms and, while it may be a good alphabet for Old Cleepoyish per se, it is | The Cleepoyish Alphabet consists of 41 distinct letters (including letters with diacritics), 18 of which are vowels. The Cleepoyish Alphabet went through very minimal reforms and, while it may be a good alphabet for Old Cleepoyish per se, it is filled with redundancy and unusual spelling conventions. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ '''Standard Cleepoyish | |+ '''Standard Cleepoyish alphabet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Letter | ! Letter | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Ä, ä | | Ä, ä | ||
| | | a omlyyd | ||
| /ɛ/ | | /ɛ/ | ||
| [æ] | | [æ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Å, å | | Å, å | ||
| | | a hring | ||
| /ɔ/ | | /ɔ/ | ||
| [ɒ] [ɑ] | | [ɒ] [ɑ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ą, ą | | Ą, ą | ||
| | | a stirt | ||
| /a/ | | /a/ | ||
| [ɑː] [ɑ̃] | | [ɑː] [ɑ̃] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Ę, ę | | Ę, ę | ||
| | | ee stirt | ||
| /æ/ | | /æ/ | ||
| [æː] [ɛ̃] [æ̃] | | [æː] [ɛ̃] [æ̃] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Į, į | | Į, į | ||
| | | ii stirt | ||
| /eː/ | | /eː/ | ||
| [iː] [ɪ̃] | | [iː] [ɪ̃] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Ö, ö | | Ö, ö | ||
| | | oy omlyyd | ||
| /œ/ | | /œ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ǫ, ǫ | | Ǫ, ǫ | ||
| | | oy stirt | ||
| /aː/ | | /aː/ | ||
| [oː] [ɔ̃] [ɑ̃] | | [oː] [ɔ̃] [ɑ̃] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ǫ̈, ǫ̈ | | Ǫ̈, ǫ̈ | ||
| | | oy omlyyd stirt | ||
| /æː/ | | /æː/ | ||
| [øː] [œ̃] [æ̃] | | [øː] [œ̃] [æ̃] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Ù, ù | | Ù, ù | ||
| | | lomùk u | ||
| /ɔ/ | | /ɔ/ | ||
| [u] [ʊ] | | [u] [ʊ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ü, ü | | Ü, ü | ||
| | | u omlyyd | ||
| /œ/ | | /œ/ | ||
| [y] [ʏ] | | [y] [ʏ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ů, ů | | Ů, ů | ||
| | | u hring | ||
| /ɔː/ | | /ɔː/ | ||
| [oʊ̯] [oː] [uː] | | [oʊ̯] [oː] [uː] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ų, ų | | Ų, ų | ||
| | | u stirt | ||
| /oː/ | | /oː/ | ||
| [uː] [ʊ̃] | | [uː] [ʊ̃] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ų̈, ų̈ | | Ų̈, ų̈ | ||
| | | u omlyyd stirt | ||
| /øː/ | | /øː/ | ||
| [yː] [ʏ̃] | | [yː] [ʏ̃] | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ '''Standard Cleepoyish | |+ '''Standard Cleepoyish alphabet digraphs''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Digraph | ! Digraph | ||
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| /æ/ | | /æ/ | ||
| [æː] [eː] [ɛː] | | [æː] [eː] [ɛː] | ||
|- | |||
| Äi, äi | |||
| /ɛɪ̯/ | |||
| [æɪ̯] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Äu, äu | | Äu, äu | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Mm, mm | | Mm, mm | ||
| /mː/ | | rowspan="2" | /mː/ | ||
| [m] | | [m] | ||
|- | |||
| Mn, mn | |||
| [mn] [m] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Nn, nn | | Nn, nn | ||
| /nː/ | | /nː/ | ||
| [n] | | [n] | ||
|- | |||
| Ng, ng | |||
| /ŋ/ | |||
| [ŋɡ] [ŋː] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Oo, oo | | Oo, oo | ||
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| /œʏ̯/ | | /œʏ̯/ | ||
| [ɛʏ̯] | | [ɛʏ̯] | ||
|- | |||
| Pf, pf | |||
| /p͡ɸ/ | |||
| [p͡f] [pf] [f] [fː] | |||
|- | |||
| Ph, ph | |||
| /ɸ/ | |||
| [f] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Pp, pp | | Pp, pp | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ||
! colspan="2" | boþel, "house; dwelling" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|boþel}}, "house; dwelling" | ||
! colspan="2" | hnåpp, "cup" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|hnåpp}}, "cup" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ||
| boþel | | boþel | ||
| | | boþl<span style="color:red">oz</span> | ||
| hnåpp | | hnåpp | ||
| | | hnåp<span style="color:red">oz</span> | ||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |- style="font-weight:normal;" | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ||
| | | b<span style="color:red">ö</span>þl<span style="color:red">i</span> | ||
| | | b<span style="color:red">ö</span>þl<span style="color:red">om</span> | ||
| | | hn<span style="color:red">ä</span>p<span style="color:red">i</span> | ||
| | | hn<span style="color:red">ä</span>p<span style="color:red">om</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ||
! colspan="2" | męð, "month" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|męð}}, "month" | ||
! colspan="2" | döör, "day" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|döör}}, "day" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ||
| męð | | męð | ||
| | | męð<span style="color:green">iz</span> | ||
| döör | | döör | ||
| | | döör<span style="color:green">iz</span> | ||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |- style="font-weight:normal;" | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ||
| | | męð<span style="color:green">i</span> | ||
| | | męð<span style="color:green">om</span> | ||
| | | döör<span style="color:green">i</span> | ||
| | | döör<span style="color:green">om</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ||
! colspan="2" | skuro, "storm; tempest" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|skuro}}, "storm; tempest" | ||
! colspan="2" | äiþùng, "marriage" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|äiþùng}}, "marriage" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ||
| rowspan="2" | skuro | | rowspan="2" | skuro | ||
| | | skur<span style="color:purple">ooz</span> | ||
| rowspan="2" | äiþùng | | rowspan="2" | äiþùng | ||
| | | äiþùng<span style="color:purple">ooz</span> | ||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |- style="font-weight:normal;" | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ||
| | | skur<span style="color:purple">om</span> | ||
| | | äiþùng<span style="color:purple">om</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ||
! colspan="2" | äulii, "likeness; resemblance" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|äulii}}, "likeness; resemblance" | ||
! colspan="2" | riik, "realm; domain" | ! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:riik#Cleepoyish|riik]], "realm; domain" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ||
| äulii | | äulii | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | äulii<span style="color:orange">z</span> | ||
| riik | | riik | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | riik<span style="color:orange">iz</span> | ||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |- style="font-weight:normal;" | ||
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | | style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ||
| | | äulii<span style="color:orange">z</span> | ||
| | | riik<span style="color:orange">iz</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ||
! colspan="2" | ųdeu, "dawn; daybreak" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|ųdeu}}, "dawn; daybreak" | ||
! colspan="2" | gev, "gift (dated)" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|gev}}, "gift (dated)" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ||
| ųdeu | | ųdeu | ||
| | | ųdw<span style="color:blue">on</span> | ||
| gev | | gev | ||
| | | gev<span style="color:blue">on</span> | ||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |- style="font-weight:normal;" | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ||
| | | ųdw<span style="color:blue">on</span> | ||
| | | ųdw<span style="color:blue">om</span> | ||
| | | gev<span style="color:blue">on</span> | ||
| | | gev<span style="color:blue">om</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | ||
! colspan="2" | sùnnoo, "sun" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|sùnnoo}}, "sun" | ||
! colspan="2" | mönoo, "moon" | ! colspan="2" | {{c|mönoo}}, "moon" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | ||
| sùnnoo | | sùnnoo | ||
| | | sùnn<span style="color:brown">on</span> | ||
| mönoo | | mönoo | ||
| | | mön<span style="color:brown">on</span> | ||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |- style="font-weight:normal;" | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | ||
| | | sünn<span style="color:brown">in</span> | ||
| | | sünn<span style="color:brown">om</span> | ||
| | | mön<span style="color:brown">in</span> | ||
| | | mön<span style="color:brown">om</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Cleepoyish Pronouns are largely conservative, not | Cleepoyish Pronouns are largely conservative, owing to the Růpläch dialects not undergoing most phonological and inflectional simplifications in other dialects. Cleepoyish pronouns decline for the nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive cases independently, and maintain a gender distinction in the plural 3rd person: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Standard Cleepoyish personal pronouns''' | |||
|- | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="5" | Singular | |||
! colspan="5" | Plural | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | 1st person | |||
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person | |||
! colspan="3" | 3rd person | |||
! rowspan="2" | 1st person | |||
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person | |||
! colspan="3" | 3rd person | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! masculine | |||
! feminine | |||
! neuter | |||
! masculine | |||
! feminine | |||
! neuter | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative | |||
| ik | |||
| þu | |||
| hiz | |||
| rowspan="2" | hjo | |||
| rowspan="2" | hit | |||
| wiiz | |||
| jiiz | |||
| þoi | |||
| þooz | |||
| rowspan="2" | þo | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Accusative | |||
| mik | |||
| þik | |||
| hyn | |||
| rowspan="2" | ųz | |||
| rowspan="2" | swiz | |||
| þoz, þåz<sup>2</sup> | |||
| þoz | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | |||
| miz | |||
| þiz | |||
| colspan="3" | hiz | |||
| colspan="3" | þoiz | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Genitive<sup>1</sup> | |||
| miin | |||
| þiin | |||
| hym | |||
| colspan="2" | hyz | |||
| ųsir | |||
| swir | |||
| colspan="3" | þon, þån<sup>2</sup> | |||
|} | |||
# The genitive case has become largely archaic beside poetry and literature. Possession is instead marked with the preposition ⟨{{c|ut}}⟩ alongside the dative case. | |||
# Superseded spelling. | |||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
Cleepoyish employs indefinite and definite articles. The indefinite article, ⟨{{c|oi}}⟩ before consonants and ⟨oin⟩ before vowels, is always uninflected, and adjectives preceded by the indefinite article use the strong declension. Definite articles conversely do decline for case, gender, and number: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Standard Cleepoyish definite articles''' | |||
|- | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! masculine | |||
! feminine | |||
! neuter | |||
! masculine | |||
! feminine | |||
! neuter | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2" | þo, þå<sup>1</sup> | |||
| rowspan="2" | þo | |||
| rowspan="2" | þot | |||
| þoi | |||
| þooz | |||
| rowspan="2" | þo | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Accusative | |||
| þoz, þåz<sup>1</sup> | |||
| þoz | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | |||
| colspan="3" | þii, þäi<sup>1</sup> | |||
| colspan="3" | þoiz | |||
|} | |||
# Superseded spelling. | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives in Cleepoyish decline for strong and weak paradigms. | |||
Strong declension is used when the adjective is preceded by either an indefinite article or no article: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Strong declension''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | |||
! colspan="4" | {{c|hron}}, "green" | |||
! colspan="4" | {{c|sąð}}, "truthful; factual" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! rowspan="2" | Plural | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! rowspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! masculine | |||
! feminine | |||
! neuter | |||
! masculine | |||
! feminine | |||
! neuter | |||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative/Accusative | |||
| colspan="3" | hron | |||
| hron<span style="color:red">ooz</span> | |||
| colspan="3" | sąð | |||
| sąð<span style="color:red">ooz</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | |||
| hron<span style="color:red">åm</span> | |||
| hron<span style="color:red">ån</span> | |||
| hron<span style="color:red">yz</span> | |||
| hron<span style="color:red">oim</span> | |||
| sąð<span style="color:red">åm</span> | |||
| sąð<span style="color:red">ån</span> | |||
| sąð<span style="color:red">yz</span> | |||
| sąð<span style="color:red">oim</span> | |||
|} | |||
Weak declension is used when the adjective is preceded by a definite article: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Weak declension''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | | |||
! colspan="2" | {{c|hron}}, "green" | |||
! colspan="2" | {{c|sąð}}, "truthful; factual" | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative | |||
| hron | |||
| hron<span style="color:green">ån</span> | |||
| sąð | |||
| sąð<span style="color:green">ån</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:normal;" | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Accusative/Dative | |||
| hron<span style="color:green">ån</span> | |||
| hron<span style="color:green">åm</span> | |||
| sąð<span style="color:green">ån</span> | |||
| sąð<span style="color:green">åm</span> | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Cleepoyish word order is strictly SVO, with undeclined verbs directly following their auxiliaries. Verb conjugation is similar to that of other Germanic languages, with weak and strong verbs conjugating for person, number, tense, mood, and aspect. | |||
====Weak Verbs==== | |||
Weak verbs' preterite stems are formed with -yð, and feature no stem vowel umlauting: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Weak verb conjugation''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="4" | {{c|fų̈lo}}, "to feel; sense" | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Indicative | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | Preterite | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:blue">i</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:purple">yði</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:blue">ez</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:purple">yðez</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:blue">eð</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:purple">yði</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:blue">em</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:purple">yðem</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:blue">eð</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:purple">yðeð</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:blue">en</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:purple">yðen</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | Preterite | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:green">ii</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:orange">yðį</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:green">iiz</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:orange">yðiiz</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:green">ii</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:orange">yðį</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:green">iim</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:orange">yðiim</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:green">iið</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:orange">yðiið</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:green">iin</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:orange">yðiin</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Imperative | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | — | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | — | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:red">ið</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Participle | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | Past | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:#00a6a6">änd</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | fų̈l<span style="color:#bc8ab6">ǫz</span>, fų̈l<span style="color:#bc8ab6">yðǫz</span><sup>1</sup> | |||
|} | |||
# Superseded | |||
====Strong Verbs==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Strong verb conjugation''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="4" | {{c|kiiko}}, "to look; watch" | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Indicative | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | Preterite | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:blue">i</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | k<span style="color:purple">oi</span>k | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:blue">ez</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | k<span style="color:purple">oit</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:blue">eð</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | k<span style="color:purple">oi</span>k | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:blue">em</span> | |||
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" | k<span style="color:purple">i</span>k | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:blue">eð</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:blue">en</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | Preterite | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:green">ii</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | k<span style="color:orange">oi</span>k<span style="color:orange">į</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:green">iiz</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | k<span style="color:orange">oitiiz</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:green">ii</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | k<span style="color:orange">oi</span>k<span style="color:orange">į</span> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:green">iim</span> | |||
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" | k<span style="color:orange">i</span>k<span style="color:orange">iim</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:green">iið</span> | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:green">iin</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Imperative | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | — | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | — | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:red">ið</span> | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Participle | |||
! colspan="2" | Present | |||
! colspan="2" | Past | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | kiik<span style="color:#00a6a6">änd</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | k<span style="color:#bc8ab6">i</span>k<span style="color:#bc8ab6">ǫz</span> | |||
|} | |||
=====Strong Verb Classes===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Strong verb ablaut patterns''' | |||
|- | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Class | |||
! colspan="2" | Part 1 | |||
! colspan="2" | Part 2 | |||
! colspan="2" | Part 3 | |||
! colspan="2" | Part 4 | |||
! colspan="2" | Definition | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1 | |||
| colspan="2" | sk<span style="color:blue">'''ii'''</span>no | |||
| colspan="2" | sk<span style="color:blue">'''oi'''</span>n | |||
| colspan="2" | sk<span style="color:blue">'''i'''</span>n | |||
| colspan="2" | sk<span style="color:blue">'''i'''</span>nǫz | |||
| colspan="2" | "to shine; seem" | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2 | |||
| colspan="2" | b<span style="color:green">'''eu'''</span>ðo | |||
| colspan="2" | b<span style="color:green">'''ů'''</span>ð | |||
| colspan="2" | b<span style="color:green">'''ù'''</span>ð | |||
| colspan="2" | b<span style="color:green">'''ù'''</span>ðǫz | |||
| colspan="2" | "to offer; invite" | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 3 | |||
| colspan="2" | h<span style="color:red">'''i'''</span>lpo | |||
| colspan="2" | h<span style="color:red">'''å'''</span>lp | |||
| colspan="2" | h<span style="color:red">'''ù'''</span>lp | |||
| colspan="2" | h<span style="color:red">'''ù'''</span>lpǫz | |||
| colspan="2" | "to help, assist" | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 4 | |||
| colspan="2" | spr<span style="color:purple">'''i'''</span>ko | |||
| colspan="2" | spr<span style="color:purple">'''å'''</span>k | |||
| colspan="2" | spr<span style="color:purple">'''e'''</span>k | |||
| colspan="2" | spr<span style="color:purple">'''e'''</span>kǫz | |||
| colspan="2" | "to discuss" | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-weight:bold;" | umlaut | |||
| colspan="2" | f<span style="color:orange">'''ą'''</span>ho | |||
| colspan="4" | f<span style="color:orange">'''ę'''</span>h | |||
| colspan="2" | f<span style="color:orange">'''ą'''</span>hǫz | |||
| colspan="2" | "to catch, capture" | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-weight:bold;" | irregular | |||
| colspan="2" | gano | |||
| colspan="2" | üjj | |||
| colspan="2" | ijj | |||
| colspan="2" | ganǫz | |||
| colspan="2" | "to go; leave" | |||
|} | |||
===Umlaut=== | ===Umlaut=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Morphological umlaut''' | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Original | |||
! Mutated | |||
! Example | |||
|- | |||
| a | |||
| rowspan="2" | ää | |||
| {{c|cart}} → cäärtiz | |||
|- | |||
| åå | |||
| ''[none so far]'' | |||
|- | |||
| å | |||
| ä | |||
| {{c|wåtor}} → wätri | |||
|- | |||
| ą | |||
| ę | |||
| {{c|sąð}} → sęðhed | |||
|- | |||
| eu | |||
| eü | |||
| {{c|hneuw}} → hneüwi | |||
|- | |||
| o | |||
| ö | |||
| {{c|boþel}} → böþli | |||
|- | |||
| oo | |||
| öö | |||
| ''[none so far]'' | |||
|- | |||
| ǫ | |||
| ǫ̈ | |||
| {{c|kǫ}} → kǫ̈ | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | oi | |||
| äi | |||
| {{c|froiw}} → fräiwi | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | öi | |||
| ''[none so far]'' | |||
|- | |||
| oy | |||
| {{c|moy}} → möin | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | u | |||
| y | |||
| {{c|huz}} → hysi | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | ü | |||
| {{c|skum}} → skümi | |||
|- | |||
| ù | |||
| {{c|gùmoo}} → gümnin | |||
|- | |||
| ų | |||
| ų̈ | |||
| ''[none so far]'' | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | ů | |||
| äu | |||
| {{c|růð}} → räuðiz | |||
|- | |||
| äi | |||
| {{c|brůn}} → bräini | |||
|- | |||
| ö | |||
| {{c|růno}} → rö | |||
|- | |||
| öu | |||
| {{c|flůno}} → flöu | |||
|} | |||
[[Category: Indo-European_languages]] | |||
[[Category: Germanic languages]] | |||
[[Category:Lesionic languages]] | |||
[[Category: Languages]] | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category: A_posteriori]] | |||