Grekelin: Difference between revisions

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'''Grekelin''' ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: ''Grekelenikin'', pronounced: ''[grɛ.kɛ.ˈɫɛ.ni.kin]''), also known as '''Rhumaecen'''<ref name=Rhumaecen/> (Grekelin: ''Rumejkin'', [ɾuˈmɛi̯ˌkin], lit. "The Roman one") is a [[w:~~Hellenic languages~~|~~Hellenic~~]] ~~language~~ spoken in [[w:Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], [[w:Hungary|Southern Hungary]] and some isolated villages of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. Grekelin ~~is a descendant of~~ [[w:~~Medieval~~ Greek|~~Medieval~~ Greek]]~~, from whom it split~~ in the late 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by [[w:Greeks|Greek]] refugees following the Seljuk Turks' raids. For the largest part of its existence, Grekelin was mostly a spoken language, and the language began systematically being written down around the 19th century (From where it gained it's modern orthography by Catholic priests and scholars). Due to its low social prestige, most of its educated speakers preferred writing in Latin or Hungarian (Also Koine before the Catholicisation of the Grekelin-speaking people) and few texts were written until then in Grekelin, most of which used the Greek script instead (See [[Old Grekelin]]).

'''Grekelin''' ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: ''Grekelenikin'', pronounced: ''[grɛ.kɛ.ˈɫɛ.ni.kin]''), also known as '''Rhumaecen'''<ref name=Rhumaecen/> (Grekelin: ''Rumejkin'', [ɾuˈmɛi̯ˌkin], lit. "The Roman one") is a language derived from [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]] spoken in [[w:Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], [[w:Hungary|Southern Hungary]] and some isolated villages of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. Grekelin split from mainland/Anatolian [[w:Greek language|Greek]] in the late 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by [[w:Greeks|Greek]] refugees following the Seljuk Turks' raids. For the largest part of its existence, Grekelin was mostly a spoken language, and the language began systematically being written down around the 19th century (From where it gained it's modern orthography by Catholic priests and scholars). Due to its low social prestige, most of its educated speakers preferred writing in Latin or Hungarian (Also Koine before the Catholicisation of the Grekelin-speaking people) and few texts were written until then in Grekelin, most of which used the Greek script instead (See [[Old Grekelin]]).

As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Modern Greek and its dialects multiple features and cognates. The language, although officially having a free word order, has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's core vocabulary has remained Greek however many Hungarian words can be found often in the language (Especially those relating to law and government), due to the strong adstratum formed by Hungarian (Though, due to geography, the Slavic dialect got its name from its stronger Slavic influence). Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers separating it from the closest Greek speaking territory.

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|-

! Nasal

| /m/ || /n/ || || || /ɲ/ ||

| /m/ || /n/ || || || /ɲ/ || /ŋ/

|-

! Stop

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<small>'' * Although it only appears in Hungarian or German loanwords, it is often written down using "ö", so people that write the language consider it a native sound. It is considered more of a marginal phoneme.'' </small>

Grekelin palatalizes (ʲ) many consonants that would otherwise use a palatal version of themselves. When a fricative is followed by /i/, /e/ or /ø/, the preceding consonant becomes its palatal allophone, referred in Grekelin as "lowering" (katizma). Palatalization is not a contrastive or grammatical feature, but only a feature of the Grekelin accent.

Although Grekelin does have diphthongs, they appear rarely and usually merge into one vowel when realized. Most of these diphthongs are '''not''' inherited from Greek directly, but developed on their own over the centuries.

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|}

Grekelin does not favor consonant clusters, often using metathesis to break them apart. The only exception are affricates since they are considered a single sound in Grekelin.

Grekelin does not favor consonant clusters, often inserting vowels or using metathesis to break them apart. The only exception are affricates since they are considered a single sound in Grekelin.

Although not written, the final consonant (If the word ends with a consonant) always becomes devoiced in colluquial speech.

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| -i noun ending || E /ε/ || eni /ˈɛɳi/ || Ek /ek/

|-

| Other noun endings || To /to/ || en /ɛɳ/ || Ta

| Other noun endings || To /to/ || en /ɛɳ/ || Ta /tɑ/

|}

</center>

===~~Cases~~===

===Pronouns===

Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. ~~Remember that~~ Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections.

Grekelin has simplified extensively the Medieval Greek pronoun system. Despite that, later innovations to replace certain uses were developed, like the prolonging of the final vowel to form the new vocative. Below follows the pronoun declension.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Noun cases in Grekelin

|-

! Case !! 1st Person !! 2nd person !! 3rd person

|-

| Nominative Singular || '''go''' || '''szy''' || '''davta'''

|-

| Genitive Singular || (None) || (None) || '''davta'''

|-

| Accusative Singular || '''mei''' || '''szyn''' || (None)

|-

| Vocative Singular || '''mí''' || '''szý''' || '''davtá'''

|-

| Nominative Plural || '''mis''' || '''szyk''' || '''davtak'''

|-

| Genitive Plural || (None) || '''sek''' || '''tes'''

|-

| Accusative Plural || '''mek''' || '''sek''' || '''tek'''

|-

| Vocative Plural || (None) || '''szýk''' || (None)

|}

</center>

Deciding which case to use is tricky and varies between different situations. However, it can be summarized in the following rules:

# Possession in nouns and names takes the genitive case.

# Verbs in any tense other that the present take the genitive case, while the present requires the accusative case unless its a special verb.

# The passive voice and all other nouns, as well as adjectives take the nominative.

# When there is no genitive to use (eg. Plural noun in possession) then the accusative case substitutes or the pronoun is omitted altogether and is assumed from the context.

===Nouns===

Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections. While genders in Grekelin are considered extinct, remnants of it exist in the noun endings (a or i/e), so Grekelin is considered to have a separate noun class system that merged with the Indo-European one.

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| Genitive || C' gnudzsus || Ta gnudzsun

|-

| Accusative || Ecs gnudzsan || Ecs ~~gnudzsuk~~

| Accusative || Ecs gnudzsan || Ecs gnudzsun

|-

| Vocative || O gnudzse || Oh gnudzsen

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===Verbs===

Verbs in Grekelin are split into three classes: Weak, strong and irregular. Their classification depends on the last vowel of the word's root (The word without any prefixes and suffixes conveying grammatical information) while the irregulars are outliers in both. The verb class defines the way a word will be inflected for number, tense and mood.

Verbs in Grekelin are split into three classes: Weak, strong and irregular. Their classification depends on the last vowel of the word's root (The word without any prefixes and suffixes conveying grammatical information) while the irregulars are outliers in both with their own inflections. The vowels defining strong verbs are /e i y/ and the vowels defining weak verbs are /a o u ø/. The verb class defines the way a word will be inflected for number, tense and mood. Below are two tables showing the present tense inflection for a weak and a strong verb:

===Strong Verbs===

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Strong Verb - "Vlemmo" (To see/To watch)

! Pronoun !! Verb Declension

|-

| Go || Vlemm-o

|-

| Szÿ || Vlemm-s

|-

| Davta || Vlemm

|-

| Mis || Vlemm-men

|-

| Szÿk || Vlemm-te

|-

| Davtak || Vlemm-ne

|}

===Weak Verbs===

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Weak Verb - "Jeboro" (To be able to)

! Pronoun !! Verb Declension

|-

| Go || Jebor-o

|-

| Szÿ || Jebor-as

|-

| Davta || Jebor-a

|-

| Mis || Jebor-amen

|-

| Szÿk || Jebor-ate

|-

| Davtak || Jebor-anda

|}

==Geographic Distribution and Demographics==

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==Vocabulary==

: ''See also:'' '''[[Category:Grekelin lemmas|Grekelin lemmas]]'''

Grekelin has about 60.000 words in total, with another 15.000 obsolete ones, amounting to 75.000 words in total. Most of Grekelin's vocabulary is derived from Greek directly, and very few Greek borrows (Mostly reborrows) actually exist within the language. There is an estimated 20 to 40% Hungarian-borrowed vocabulary, depending on the dialect and the person themselves. In the Slavic dialects there is a strong Slavic influence (hence the name), which also shows in the vocabulary part; Between 5% and 25% of all words in Grekelin come from Slavic dialects. The remaining 5% that doesn't belong in any of these categories is either German, Turkic or does not have any clear etymology, like the word [[Contionary:leotti|leotti]]. Some theorize Grekelin was in contact with Pannonian Avar speakers which may provide explanation for some of the strange words in Grekelin.

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 }}
-'''Grekelin''' ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: ''Grekelenikin'', pronounced: ''[grɛ.kɛ.ˈɫɛ.ni.kin]''), also known as '''Rhumaecen'''<ref name=Rhumaecen/> (Grekelin: ''Rumejkin'', [ɾuˈmɛi̯ˌkin], lit. "The Roman one") is a [[w:Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] language spoken in [[w:Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], [[w:Hungary|Southern Hungary]] and some isolated villages of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. Grekelin is a descendant of [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]], from whom it split in the late 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by [[w:Greeks|Greek]] refugees following the Seljuk Turks' raids. For the largest part of its existence, Grekelin was mostly a spoken language, and the language began systematically being written down around the 19th century (From where it gained it's modern orthography by Catholic priests and scholars). Due to its low social prestige, most of its educated speakers preferred writing in Latin or Hungarian (Also Koine before the Catholicisation of the Grekelin-speaking people) and few texts were written until then in Grekelin, most of which used the Greek script instead (See [[Old Grekelin]]).
+'''Grekelin''' ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: ''Grekelenikin'', pronounced: ''[grɛ.kɛ.ˈɫɛ.ni.kin]''), also known as '''Rhumaecen'''<ref name=Rhumaecen/> (Grekelin: ''Rumejkin'', [ɾuˈmɛi̯ˌkin], lit. "The Roman one") is a language derived from [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]] spoken in [[w:Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], [[w:Hungary|Southern Hungary]] and some isolated villages of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. Grekelin split from mainland/Anatolian [[w:Greek language|Greek]] in the late 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by [[w:Greeks|Greek]] refugees following the Seljuk Turks' raids. For the largest part of its existence, Grekelin was mostly a spoken language, and the language began systematically being written down around the 19th century (From where it gained it's modern orthography by Catholic priests and scholars). Due to its low social prestige, most of its educated speakers preferred writing in Latin or Hungarian (Also Koine before the Catholicisation of the Grekelin-speaking people) and few texts were written until then in Grekelin, most of which used the Greek script instead (See [[Old Grekelin]]).
 As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Modern Greek and its dialects multiple features and cognates. The language, although officially having a free word order, has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's core vocabulary has remained Greek however many Hungarian words can be found often in the language (Especially those relating to law and government), due to the strong adstratum formed by Hungarian (Though, due to geography, the Slavic dialect got its name from its stronger Slavic influence). Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers separating it from the closest Greek speaking territory.
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 |-
 ! Nasal
-| /m/ || /n/ || || || /ɲ/ ||
+| /m/ || /n/ || || || /ɲ/ || /ŋ/
 |-
 ! Stop
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 <small>'' * Although it only appears in Hungarian or German loanwords, it is often written down using "ö", so people that write the language consider it a native sound. It is considered more of a marginal phoneme.'' </small>
-Grekelin palatalizes (ʲ) many consonants that would otherwise use a palatal version of themselves. When a fricative is followed by /i/, /e/ or /ø/, the preceding consonant becomes its palatal allophone, referred in Grekelin as "lowering" (katizma). Palatalization is not a contrastive or grammatical feature, but only a feature of the Grekelin accent.
 Although Grekelin does have diphthongs, they appear rarely and usually merge into one vowel when realized. Most of these diphthongs are '''not''' inherited from Greek directly, but developed on their own over the centuries.
@@ Line 117: / Line 115: @@
 |}
-Grekelin does not favor consonant clusters, often using metathesis to break them apart. The only exception are affricates since they are considered a single sound in Grekelin.
+Grekelin does not favor consonant clusters, often inserting vowels or using metathesis to break them apart. The only exception are affricates since they are considered a single sound in Grekelin.
 Although not written, the final consonant (If the word ends with a consonant) always becomes devoiced in colluquial speech.
@@ Line 155: / Line 153: @@
 | -i noun ending || E /ε/ || eni /ˈɛɳi/ || Ek /ek/
 |-
-| Other noun endings || To /to/ || en /ɛɳ/ || Ta
+| Other noun endings || To /to/ || en /ɛɳ/ || Ta /tɑ/
 |}
 </center>
-===Cases===
+===Pronouns===
-Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. Remember that Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections.
+Grekelin has simplified extensively the Medieval Greek pronoun system. Despite that, later innovations to replace certain uses were developed, like the prolonging of the final vowel to form the new vocative. Below follows the pronoun declension.
+<center>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Noun cases in Grekelin
+|-
+! Case !! 1st Person !! 2nd person !! 3rd person
+|-
+| Nominative Singular || '''go''' || '''szy''' || '''davta'''
+|-
+| Genitive Singular || (None) || (None) || '''davta'''
+|-
+| Accusative Singular || '''mei''' || '''szyn''' || (None)
+|-
+| Vocative Singular || '''mí''' || '''szý''' || '''davtá'''
+|-
+| Nominative Plural || '''mis''' || '''szyk''' || '''davtak'''
+|-
+| Genitive Plural || (None) || '''sek''' || '''tes'''
+|-
+| Accusative Plural || '''mek''' || '''sek''' || '''tek'''
+|-
+| Vocative Plural || (None) || '''szýk''' || (None)
+|}
+</center>
+Deciding which case to use is tricky and varies between different situations. However, it can be summarized in the following rules:
+# Possession in nouns and names takes the genitive case.
+# Verbs in any tense other that the present take the genitive case, while the present requires the accusative case unless its a special verb.
+# The passive voice and all other nouns, as well as adjectives take the nominative.
+# When there is no genitive to use (eg. Plural noun in possession) then the accusative case substitutes or the pronoun is omitted altogether and is assumed from the context.
+===Nouns===
+Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections. While genders in Grekelin are considered extinct, remnants of it exist in the noun endings (a or i/e), so Grekelin is considered to have a separate noun class system that merged with the Indo-European one.
 <center>
@@ Line 172: / Line 204: @@
 | Genitive || C' gnudzsus || Ta gnudzsun
 |-
-| Accusative || Ecs gnudzsan || Ecs gnudzsuk
+| Accusative || Ecs gnudzsan || Ecs gnudzsun
 |-
 | Vocative || O gnudzse || Oh gnudzsen
@@ Line 197: / Line 229: @@
 ===Verbs===
-Verbs in Grekelin are split into three classes: Weak, strong and irregular. Their classification depends on the last vowel of the word's root (The word without any prefixes and suffixes conveying grammatical information) while the irregulars are outliers in both. The verb class defines the way a word will be inflected for number, tense and mood.
+Verbs in Grekelin are split into three classes: Weak, strong and irregular. Their classification depends on the last vowel of the word's root (The word without any prefixes and suffixes conveying grammatical information) while the irregulars are outliers in both with their own inflections. The vowels defining strong verbs are /e i y/ and the vowels defining weak verbs are /a o u ø/. The verb class defines the way a word will be inflected for number, tense and mood. Below are two tables showing the present tense inflection for a weak and a strong verb:
+===Strong Verbs===
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Strong Verb - "Vlemmo" (To see/To watch)
+! Pronoun !! Verb Declension
+|-
+| Go || Vlemm-o
+|-
+| Szÿ || Vlemm-s
+|-
+| Davta || Vlemm
+|-
+| Mis || Vlemm-men
+|-
+| Szÿk || Vlemm-te
+|-
+| Davtak || Vlemm-ne
+|}
+===Weak Verbs===
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Weak Verb - "Jeboro" (To be able to)
+! Pronoun !! Verb Declension
+|-
+| Go || Jebor-o
+|-
+| Szÿ || Jebor-as
+|-
+| Davta || Jebor-a
+|-
+| Mis || Jebor-amen
+|-
+| Szÿk || Jebor-ate
+|-
+| Davtak || Jebor-anda
+|}
 ==Geographic Distribution and Demographics==
@@ Line 216: / Line 284: @@
 ==Vocabulary==
+: ''See also:'' '''[[Category:Grekelin lemmas|Grekelin lemmas]]'''
 Grekelin has about 60.000 words in total, with another 15.000 obsolete ones, amounting to 75.000 words in total. Most of Grekelin's vocabulary is derived from Greek directly, and very few Greek borrows (Mostly reborrows) actually exist within the language. There is an estimated 20 to 40% Hungarian-borrowed vocabulary, depending on the dialect and the person themselves. In the Slavic dialects there is a strong Slavic influence (hence the name), which also shows in the vocabulary part; Between 5% and 25% of all words in Grekelin come from Slavic dialects. The remaining 5% that doesn't belong in any of these categories is either German, Turkic or does not have any clear etymology, like the word [[Contionary:leotti|leotti]]. Some theorize Grekelin was in contact with Pannonian Avar speakers which may provide explanation for some of the strange words in Grekelin.