Modern Coptic: Difference between revisions
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* x and c are minimal phonemes, while included in the standard and writing, they are free to merge with h and tʃ, respectively | * /x/ and /c/ are minimal phonemes, while included in the standard and writing, they are free to merge with /h/ and /tʃ/, respectively | ||
* ʔ isn't phonemic and can only occur before a vowel, or to separate them | * /ʔ/ isn't phonemic and can only occur before a vowel, or to separate them | ||
* β is most often realized as [v], and c can range between actual [c] and [kʲ] | * /β/ is most often realized as [v], and c can range between actual [c] and [kʲ] | ||
* the sequence /kj/ never occurs and colloquially changes to /c/ whenever it appears | * the sequence /kj/ never occurs and colloquially changes to /c/ whenever it appears | ||
* n assimilates to the place of articulation of the next sound, becoming /m/, [ɲ] or [ŋ] depending on the sound | * /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the next sound, becoming /m/, [ɲ] or [ŋ] depending on the sound | ||
* r is pronounced [ɾ] between vowels | * /r/ is pronounced [ɾ] between vowels | ||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
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=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
Modern Coptic has a copious amount of verb tenses, however only 2 tenses are ever inflected with affixes, the rest are made via auxiliary verbs | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Tense | |||
!Explanation | |||
!English | |||
|- | |||
!Infinitive | |||
|Infinitive | |||
|to V | |||
|- | |||
!Present | |||
|Main present tense | |||
|I(‘m) V(-ing) | |||
|- | |||
!Future | |||
|Main future tense | |||
|I’ll V | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfect | |||
|Ongoing action in the past | |||
|I was V-ing | |||
|- | |||
!Future Imperfect | |||
|Ongoing action in the future | |||
|I will be V-ing | |||
|- | |||
!Past | |||
|Main past tense / Perfect | |||
|I V-ed / I have V-ed | |||
|- | |||
!Habitual | |||
|Habitual (present) tense | |||
|I normally V | |||
|- | |||
!Past Imperfect | |||
|Ongoing action before a finished action | |||
|I had V-ed | |||
|- | |||
!Habitual Imperfect | |||
|Habitual past tense | |||
|I used to V | |||
|- | |||
!Jussive | |||
|Giving orders (not 2nd person) | |||
|I should V | |||
|- | |||
!Subordinate Present | |||
|Subordinate clauses in the present | |||
|that I V | |||
|- | |||
!Subordinate Future | |||
|Subordinate clauses in the future | |||
|that I’ll V | |||
|- | |||
!Subordinate Past | |||
|Subordinate clauses in the past | |||
|that I V-ed | |||
|- | |||
!Subordinate Habitual | |||
|Subordinate clauses in the habitual | |||
|that I normally V | |||
|- | |||
!Conditional | |||
|Conditional tense | |||
|I would V | |||
|- | |||
!Conjunctive | |||
|Same time as the main clause | |||
|also I V/V-ed | |||
|- | |||
!Resultative | |||
|Result of the main clause | |||
|so I V/V-ed | |||
|- | |||
!Imperative | |||
|Giving orders (only 2nd person) | |||
|V! | |||
|} | |||
==== Base Form ==== | |||
Whenever the subject of the sentence is not a pronoun, the verb stops being inflected for person and number. Instead any auxiliary verb is putted in the "base form" and moved before the subject. | |||
naf woom - he was eating | |||
nare pejoot woom - the father was eating | |||