Moshurian: Difference between revisions

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| fam2 = Paleoyeldhic

| fam3 = Tulooric

| ancestor1 = ~~Kóftąbriác Yeldha~~

| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]

| ancestor2 = Proto-~~Tulooric~~

| ancestor2 = Proto-Paleoyeldhic

| ancestor3 = ~~Early Moshurian~~

| ancestor3 = Proto-Tulooric

| ancestor4 = ~~Ancient~~ Moshurian

| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian

| ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian

| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian

| dia1 = Taráhus dialect~~(''Taráhus gugtui'')~~

| dia1 = Taráhus dialect

** Oźmaneli dialect~~(''Oźmaneli gugtui'')~~

** Oźmaneli dialect

| dia2 = Oalan dialect~~(''Oalan gugtui'')~~

| dia2 = Oalan dialect

| dia3 = Loïha dialect~~(''Loïha gugtui'')~~

| dia3 = Loïha dialect

| dia4 = Odezyë dialect~~(''Odezyë gugtui'')~~

| dia4 = Odezyë dialect

| dia5 = Far East dialect~~(''Dmuriékh gugtui'')~~

| dia5 = Far East dialect

| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect~~(''Sépenzg gugtui'')~~

| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect

| agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation

| nation = Moshurian Empire Iśatúr Confederacy

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| notice = IPA

}}

'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; Moshurian: [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and ~~also has significant~~ minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''~~(lit. "far away east"~~). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.

'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; Moshurian: [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch and Radael as a whole, and thus acts as a general ''lingua franca'' across Radael, both in Talkoch and Birnu. Significant minority communities include those on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, many in the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance(also called the ''Dmuriékh''). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.

Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with some fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.

~~Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.~~

==Usage==

===In the Moshurian Empire===

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==History==

===Origin===

Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are ~~most likely ethnically related to~~ the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.

Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are descended from the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.

===Ancestors===

====Comparative morphology====

{| class=~~bluetable lightbluebg~~ style="text-align: center;"

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=2 | !! Early Moshurian !! Old Moshurian !! Middle Moshurian !! Modern Moshurian

|-

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Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/.

Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.

Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian dialects#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.

====Middle Moshurian====

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===Consonants===

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Consonant phonemes

|-

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| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | ~~([[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]])<ref>Only used in certain dialects. Still orthographically represented as 〈th〉.</ref>~~ || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]

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===Vowels===

{|class="~~lightbluebg bluetable~~" style="text-align: center;"

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Vowel phonemes

|-

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|-

! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]

| colspan="2"| || || [[~~w:Mid central vowel~~|ə̃]] ||

| colspan="2"| || || [[Moshurian dialects#N-Schwa shift|ə̃]] ||

|-

! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]

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|-

! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]

| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]

| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || colspan=2| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]~[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]

|}

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===Verbs===

Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Suffixes

|-

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===Numerals===

Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Moshurian !! English

|-

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===Pronouns===

====Demonstrative====

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Demonstrative pronouns

|-

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====Personal====

Personal pronouns in Moshurian are, for the most part, identical to their verb inflections.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Personal pronouns

|-

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====Possessive====

Possessive pronouns in Moshurian are identical to personal pronouns, except that they add the prefix ''ta-'' before the personal pronoun.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Possessive pronouns

|-

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Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the

prefix ''ta-''.

{| class=~~bluetable lightbluebg~~ style="text-align: center";

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center";

! colspan=2 |

! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive

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! rowspan=2 | Noun

! Consonant-ending

| rowspan=4 | -

| rowspan=3 | -

| ''-éd''

| rowspan=4 | ''ta-''

| rowspan=3 | ''ta-''

|-

! Vowel-ending

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! colspan=2 | Pronoun

| ''-e''

|-

|}

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====Tense particles====

In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, a ''particle'' is used just before the object, e.g. '''''öş''' gersetigéd kestolék''(I built a house).

{|class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align:center;"

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Tense particles

|-

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==Dialects==

~~===Standard dialect===~~

''Main article: [[Moshurian dialects]]''

The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects.

~~====Inner Taráhus dialect====~~

~~The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line:~~ <~~blockquote~~>~~"''[...] The dialect~~ '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote>

However, this quote can be considered quite vague, as the MLR and the wider capitol has changed location many times in Taráhus. One year, the MLR headquarters was located in the district of Oźmaneli, where a borderline unintelligible dialect of Moshurian is spoken, and, for that year, the bizarre Oźmaneli dialect was considered the standard, causing great confusion to non-Oźmanelis.

~~====Oźmaneli dialect====~~

~~The Oźmaneli dialect is a dialect spoken in the inner city district of Oźmaneli. It has garnered much attention from linguists, as its pronunciation is widely different from typical pronunciation.~~

~~Additionally, it is the only dialect to utilise the [[w~~:~~Zero copula|zero copula]], an effect where the verb "to be" is not used in a statement, e.g. instead of "I am tired" it would be "I tired".~~

~~=====Phonetic differences=====~~

~~In general, the pattern seems to be that voiceless consonants tend to get voiced, but this is not always the case.~~

* /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɳ] or [ɟ]<ref>Why /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɟ] is one of the greatest mysteries of Moshurian.</ref>

* /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]

* /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref>

* /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/.

* Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced as a geminated [ll]

~~=====Morphological differences=====~~

* ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''.

* ''[[Contionary:pusadi|pusadi]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''bsédodifh''.

* ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''utuɟul''.

* ''[[Contionary:surus|surus]]/[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''şild/soéş''.

~~=====Oźmaneli rhyming slang=====~~

~~Very similar to [[w:Rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]] in London, Oźmaneli has its own rhyming slang, that often leaves many non-Oźmanelis ''stringed''(confused).~~

* ''abaza''(football) rhymes with ''dzul iz upaza''(colour and shape) → ''dzul''

* ''zebatalomh''(confuse) → ''usuŋtua sibatal''(stringed instrument) → ''usuŋtua''

~~===Oalan dialect===~~

The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect. This interpretation is considered quite offensive by Oalanians, who in return see the Taráhusians as "egotistic bourgeois moral absolutists", or just "rich assholes" for short. Perhaps not so coincidentally, the local branch of the Moshurian Socialist Party often use rich Taráhusians as scapegoats in economic troubles, and are thus quite popular in the region.

~~====Phonological differences====~~

* Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic.

** Middle Moshurian ''ukhalan''<ref>Often mentioned as a possible etymology for the city of Oalan.</ref> → (possibly) Oalan

* Initial /u/ is pronounced [o] or [ɔ].

** ''uthilikh'' /ˈuð.ilix/ → ''othilih'' [~~ˈoθ.ilih]~~

* Final /x/ is pronounced [~~h] or not at all~~

** ''semikh'' → ''semï/semih''

* Final unrounded vowels are rounded.

** ''asti'' /asti/ → ''astï'' [asty]

* Voiced fricatives at the beginning of syllables, unless velar or glottal and the next phone is a vowel, are unvoiced.

** ''eźir'' /ɛˈʒiɽ/ → ''eşir'' [ɛˈʃiɽ]

~~===Loïha dialect===~~

~~The Loïha dialect is the dialect of~~ Moshurian speakers who reside in the Golden Plain. Loïha is possibly the most distinct but still intelligible dialect of Moshurian. This is because there are very few morphological differences, but quite large sound changes.

A major feature of Loïha vernacular that distinguishes it from the standard is that the phonemes /e/ and /i/ are pronounced the same, usually either one or the other. In IPA this is often written as /e~i/.

~~The Loïha dialect is also often split into two groups of~~ dialects~~: Eastern and Western Loïha. Eastern tends to conform more with the standard, and Western tends to diverge more.~~

~~====Sound changes====~~

* From /ð/ → [θ](Western) or [ð](Eastern)

* From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern)

* In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/.

* /e/ and /i/ merge into /e~i/. Western speakers lean towards [i] ~~more often than [e~~]~~, while Eastern speakers do the opposite.~~

~~===Odezyë dialect===~~

The Odezyë dialect is phonetically not very different from standard Moshurian, but it does have a bizarre mannerism that cannot be found in any other dialect- that being the suffix ''-áktu''. It is placed directly after any sort of proper noun, including names. The origin of this is heavily debated- although the most prominent theory claims that it may come from the Aquq genitive suffix ''~~-et’ḛ~~''.

~~===Far East dialect===~~

~~The entire existence of the Far East Moshurians(''Dmuriékh''; Moshurian:~~ ~~[[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[dˈmuɽi̯ˌex]</nowiki>]]) is shrouded in mystery, but they seem to speak a certain dialect of Moshurian that only slightly varies from the standard Taráhus dialect.~~

~~====Phonological differences====~~

* /u/ → [ʊ] or [ɯ] in some cases

* [VN]<ref>Vowel before nasal consonant. Quite common in the Eastern subgroup of dialects.</ref> → [Ṽ].

~~===Sépenzg dialect===~~

Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced [ʃ].

The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages.

==Example texts==

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[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Radael]]

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 | fam2 = Paleoyeldhic
 | fam3 = Tulooric
-| ancestor1 = Kóftąbriác Yeldha
+| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]
-| ancestor2 = Proto-Tulooric
+| ancestor2 = Proto-Paleoyeldhic
-| ancestor3 = Early Moshurian
+| ancestor3 = Proto-Tulooric
-| ancestor4 = Ancient Moshurian
+| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian
 | ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian
 | stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
-| dia1 = Taráhus dialect(''Taráhus gugtui'')<br>
+| dia1 = Taráhus dialect<br>
-** Oźmaneli dialect(''Oźmaneli gugtui'')
+** Oźmaneli dialect
-| dia2 = Oalan dialect(''Oalan gugtui'')
+| dia2 = Oalan dialect
-| dia3 = Loïha dialect(''Loïha gugtui'')
+| dia3 = Loïha dialect
-| dia4 = Odezyë dialect(''Odezyë gugtui'')
+| dia4 = Odezyë dialect
-| dia5 = Far East dialect(''Dmuriékh gugtui'')
+| dia5 = Far East dialect
-| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect(''Sépenzg gugtui'')
+| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect
 | agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation
 | nation = Moshurian Empire<br>Iśatúr Confederacy
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 | notice = IPA
 }}
-'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.
+'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch and Radael as a whole, and thus acts as a general ''lingua franca'' across Radael, both in Talkoch and Birnu. Significant minority communities include those on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, many in the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance(also called the ''Dmuriékh''). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.
+Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with some fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.
-Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.
 ==Usage==
 ===In the Moshurian Empire===
@@ Line 58: / Line 59: @@
 ==History==
 ===Origin===
-Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.
+Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are descended from the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.
 ===Ancestors===
 ====Comparative morphology====
-{| class=bluetable lightbluebg style="text-align: center;"
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
 ! colspan=2 | !! Early Moshurian !! Old Moshurian !! Middle Moshurian !! Modern Moshurian
 |-
@@ Line 93: / Line 95: @@
 Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/.
-Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.
+Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian dialects#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.
 ====Middle Moshurian====
@@ Line 134: / Line 136: @@
 ===Consonants===
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Consonant phonemes
 |-
@@ Line 167: / Line 169: @@
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]])<ref>Only used in certain dialects. Still orthographically represented as 〈th〉.</ref> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
+| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
@@ Line 202: / Line 204: @@
 ===Vowels===
-{|class="lightbluebg bluetable" style="text-align: center;"
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Vowel phonemes
 |-
@@ Line 217: / Line 219: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
-| colspan="2"| || || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə̃]] ||
+| colspan="2"| || || [[Moshurian dialects#N-Schwa shift|ə̃]] ||
 |-
 ! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
@@ Line 223: / Line 225: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
-| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
+| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || colspan=2| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]~[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
 |}
@@ Line 260: / Line 262: @@
 ===Verbs===
 Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Suffixes
 |-
@@ Line 281: / Line 283: @@
 ===Numerals===
 Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 ! Moshurian !! English
 |-
@@ Line 297: / Line 299: @@
 ===Pronouns===
 ====Demonstrative====
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Demonstrative pronouns
 |-
@@ Line 312: / Line 314: @@
 ====Personal====
 Personal pronouns in Moshurian are, for the most part, identical to their verb inflections.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Personal pronouns
 |-
@@ Line 329: / Line 331: @@
 ====Possessive====
 Possessive pronouns in Moshurian are identical to personal pronouns, except that they add the prefix ''ta-'' before the personal pronoun.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Possessive pronouns
 |-
@@ Line 358: / Line 360: @@
 Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the
 prefix ''ta-''.
-{| class=bluetable lightbluebg style="text-align: center";
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center";
 ! colspan=2 |
 ! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive
@@ Line 364: / Line 366: @@
 ! rowspan=2 | Noun
 ! Consonant-ending
-| rowspan=4 | -
+| rowspan=3 | -
 | ''-éd''
-| rowspan=4 | ''ta-''
+| rowspan=3 | ''ta-''
 |-
 ! Vowel-ending
@@ Line 373: / Line 375: @@
 ! colspan=2 | Pronoun
 |  ''-e''
-|-
 |}
@@ Line 379: / Line 380: @@
 ====Tense particles====
 In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, a ''particle'' is used just before the object, e.g. '''''öş''' gersetigéd kestolék''(I built a house).
-{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |+ Tense particles
 |-
@@ Line 408: / Line 409: @@
 ==Dialects==
-===Standard dialect===
+<small>''Main article: [[Moshurian dialects]]''</small>
-The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects.
-====Inner Taráhus dialect====
-The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line: <blockquote>"''[...] The dialect '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote>
-However, this quote can be considered quite vague, as the MLR and the wider capitol has changed location many times in Taráhus. One year, the MLR headquarters was located in the district of Oźmaneli, where a borderline unintelligible dialect of Moshurian is spoken, and, for that year, the bizarre Oźmaneli dialect was considered the standard, causing great confusion to non-Oźmanelis.
-====Oźmaneli dialect====
-The Oźmaneli dialect is a dialect spoken in the inner city district of Oźmaneli. It has garnered much attention from linguists, as its pronunciation is widely different from typical pronunciation.
-Additionally, it is the only dialect to utilise the [[w:Zero copula|zero copula]], an effect where the verb "to be" is not used in a statement, e.g. instead of "I am tired" it would be "I tired".
-=====Phonetic differences=====
-In general, the pattern seems to be that voiceless consonants tend to get voiced, but this is not always the case.
-* /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɳ] or [ɟ]<ref>Why /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɟ] is one of the greatest mysteries of Moshurian.</ref>
-* /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]
-* /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref>
-* /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/.
-* Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced as a geminated [ll]
-=====Morphological differences=====
-* ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''.
-* ''[[Contionary:pusadi|pusadi]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''bsédodifh''.
-* ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''utuɟul''.
-* ''[[Contionary:surus|surus]]/[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''şild/soéş''.
-=====Oźmaneli rhyming slang=====
-Very similar to [[w:Rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]] in London, Oźmaneli has its own rhyming slang, that often leaves many non-Oźmanelis ''stringed''(confused).
-* ''abaza''(football) rhymes with ''dzul iz upaza''(colour and shape) → ''dzul''
-* ''zebatalomh''(confuse) → ''usuŋtua sibatal''(stringed instrument) → ''usuŋtua''
-===Oalan dialect===
-The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect. This interpretation is considered quite offensive by Oalanians, who in return see the Taráhusians as "egotistic bourgeois moral absolutists", or just "rich assholes" for short. Perhaps not so coincidentally, the local branch of the Moshurian Socialist Party often use rich Taráhusians as scapegoats in economic troubles, and are thus quite popular in the region.
-====Phonological differences====
-* Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic.
-** Middle Moshurian ''ukhalan''<ref>Often mentioned as a possible etymology for the city of Oalan.</ref> → (possibly) Oalan
-* Initial /u/ is pronounced [o] or [ɔ].
-** ''uthilikh'' /ˈuð.ilix/ → ''othilih'' [ˈoθ.ilih]
-* Final /x/ is pronounced [h] or not at all
-** ''semikh'' → ''semï/semih''
-* Final unrounded vowels are rounded.
-** ''asti'' /asti/ → ''astï'' [asty]
-* Voiced fricatives at the beginning of syllables, unless velar or glottal and the next phone is a vowel, are unvoiced.
-** ''eźir'' /ɛˈʒiɽ/ → ''eşir'' [ɛˈʃiɽ]
-===Loïha dialect===
-The Loïha dialect is the dialect of Moshurian speakers who reside in the Golden Plain. Loïha is possibly the most distinct but still intelligible dialect of Moshurian. This is because there are very few morphological differences, but quite large sound changes.
-A major feature of Loïha vernacular that distinguishes it from the standard is that the phonemes /e/ and /i/ are pronounced the same, usually either one or the other. In IPA this is often written as /e~i/.
-The Loïha dialect is also often split into two groups of dialects: Eastern and Western Loïha. Eastern tends to conform more with the standard, and Western tends to diverge more.
-====Sound changes====
-* From /ð/ → [θ](Western) or [ð](Eastern)
-* From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern)
-* In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/.
-* /e/ and /i/ merge into /e~i/. Western speakers lean towards [i] more often than [e], while Eastern speakers do the opposite.
-===Odezyë dialect===
-The Odezyë dialect is phonetically not very different from standard Moshurian, but it does have a bizarre mannerism that cannot be found in any other dialect- that being the suffix ''-áktu''. It is placed directly after any sort of proper noun, including names. The origin of this is heavily debated- although the most prominent theory claims that it may come from the Aquq genitive suffix ''-et’ḛ''.
-===Far East dialect===
-The entire existence of the Far East Moshurians(''Dmuriékh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[dˈmuɽi̯ˌex]</nowiki>]]) is shrouded in mystery, but they seem to speak a certain dialect of Moshurian that only slightly varies from the standard Taráhus dialect.
-====Phonological differences====
-* /u/ → [ʊ] or [ɯ] in some cases
-* [VN]<ref>Vowel before nasal consonant. Quite common in the Eastern subgroup of dialects.</ref> → [Ṽ].
-===Sépenzg dialect===
-Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced [ʃ].
-The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages.
 ==Example texts==
@@ Line 483: / Line 418: @@
 [[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
 [[Category:Conlangs]]
+[[Category:Radael]]