Nantai: Difference between revisions
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* Lack of distinction between [e] and [i] | * Lack of distinction between [e] and [i] | ||
* Voicing of consonants between two vowels | * Voicing of consonants between two vowels | ||
* Lack of contracted syllables such as [ | * Lack of contracted syllables such as [gʲɯ] | ||
* Lack of morphological polite register. | * Lack of morphological polite register. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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| || || l || || || || | | || || l || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
[ɲ] and [ŋ] are allophones of /n/, for before /e~i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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| a || || | | a || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Dipthongs==== | |||
In Japanese, /ou/ monophthongises to form a long /oː/. This rule does not occur in Nantai, so おう(''ou'') is pronounced [oʊ̯], not /oː/. In the now extinct Eastern Tochigi dialect, /ou/ was pronounced [joː], trading dipthongisation for initial palatalisation. | |||
====Nasalisation==== | ====Nasalisation==== | ||
When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/. | When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/. | ||
Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel. | Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Pitch-accent==== | ====Pitch-accent==== | ||
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Like in Japanese, Nantai uses particles to distinguish topic and comment. | Like in Japanese, Nantai uses particles to distinguish topic and comment. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! | ! Japanese particle !! Nantai equivalent !! Purpose of particle | ||
|- | |||
| は<br>''wa'' || None - sometimes shown by elongation of final vowel, e.g.<br>彼らー(''kárìra-'') || Indicates topic | |||
|- | |||
| を<br>''wo'' || を<br> written ''ǫ'', pronounced [o] or [oʊ̯]<ref name="shirane">Only in the Shirane dialect.</ref> || Indicates direct object of action | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | が<br>''ga'' || Indicates subject, occasionally object | |||
|- | |||
| の<br>''no'' || の ''nó'' - for most words<br>なん ''nán'' - for masculine personal pronouns(彼 & 彼ら)|| Indicates possession | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | に<br>''ni'' || In, at, on, during, etc. | |||
|- | |||
| へ<br>written ''he'', pronounced [ɛ]. ||ゐ<br>''į''<br>[i], [ehi~ehe]<ref name="shirane"></ref>|| To, towards, for | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal==== | ====Personal==== | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Third person | ! rowspan=2 | Third person | ||
! Masculine | ! Masculine | ||
| '' | | ''kárì*''<br>彼 || ''kárìra''<br>彼ら | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Feminine | ! Feminine | ||
| ''káno-sò*''<br>彼女 || ''káno-sò-táhi''<br>彼女達 | | ''káno-sò*''<br>彼女 || ''káno-sò-táhi''<br>彼女達 | ||
|} | |} | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> '' | <nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Kárì''(彼) and ''káno-sò''(彼女) are loanwords from Japanese. Historically, Classical Nantai had no gendered third person pronouns. | ||
====Demonstrative==== | ====Demonstrative==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||