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Qasunattuuji verbs: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
'''[[Qasunattuuji]] verbs''' are known for their complexity: a single conjugated verb may stand for a whole sentence. Also, they exhibit noun incorporation: for example: do a speech is rendered as speech-do.
'''[[Qasunattuuji]] verbs''' are known for their complexity: a single conjugated verb may stand for a whole sentence. Also, they exhibit noun incorporation: for example: do a speech is rendered as speech-do.
==General features==
==General features==
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|Present
|Present
|{{interlinear
|{{interlinear
  |Pijavimiq vigiipuk.
  |Pijavi vigiipuk.
  |telephone-INSTR talk-we-1DU.3SG
  |telephone-INSTR talk-we-1DU.3SG
  |We (two) talk on the phone.}}
  |We (two) talk on the phone.}}
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|Future
|Future
|{{interlinear
|{{interlinear
  |Pijavimiq vi'''nia'''giipuk.
  |Pijavivu  vi'''nia'''giipuk.
  |telephone-INSTR talk-we-DU-'''FUT'''
  |telephone-INSTR talk-we-DU-'''FUT'''
  |We (two) '''will''' talk on the phone.}}
  |We (two) '''will''' talk on the phone.}}
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  |My sister (will) give(s) birth '''tomorrow'''. (the future tense "will" is implied by the word tomorrow)}}
  |My sister (will) give(s) birth '''tomorrow'''. (the future tense "will" is implied by the word tomorrow)}}
|}
|}
===Aspect===
===Aspect===
Marking aspect is optional in Qasunattuuji verbs. It has a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions, such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-simavi; "to always, habitual verb"), inchoative (-hiŋaat; "about to verb"), and intentional (-sahuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix.
Marking aspect is optional in Qasunattuuji verbs. It has a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions, such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-simavi; "to always, habitual verb"), inchoative (-hiŋaat; "about to verb"), and intentional (-sahuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix.
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|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /kiniakuˈkama qiniaˈʐuŋa/
| colspan="8"| /kinakuˈkama qiniaˈʐuŋa/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>kiniak-</small>
|<small>kinak-</small>
|<small>-u-</small>
|<small>-u-</small>
|<small>-kama</small>
|<small>-kama</small>
Line 88: Line 88:
| -be.X
| -be.X
| -{{sc|1s.cond.impf}}-
| -{{sc|1s.cond.impf}}-
| -{{sc|3p.part}}-
| eat-
| eat-
| -{{sc|fut}}
| -{{sc|fut}}
Line 159: Line 158:
==Derivation==
==Derivation==
The suffix -u creates a verb "be X" from a noun.<br>
The suffix -u creates a verb "be X" from a noun.<br>
The suffix -uh creates a verb "become X" from a noun whose verb doesn't have the be/become X distinction.<br>
The suffix -uh (-uu before a suffix beginning in a consoant) creates a verb "become X" from a noun whose verb doesn't have the be/become X distinction.<br>
The gerund is marked with the suffix -juni (-tuni after t).<br>
The gerund is marked with the suffix -juni (-tuni after t).<br>
The negative suffix -it negates what comes before the radical, being able to come after the root and before the derivational, after the derivational, or both. If the suffix comes before a person, number and mood suffix starting the consonant (except t), a -ti- should be inserted between them.<br>
The negative suffix -it negates what comes before the radical, being able to come after the root and before the derivational, after the derivational, or both. If the suffix comes before a person, number and mood suffix starting the consonant (except t), a -ti- should be inserted between them.<br>
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| -tut
| -tut
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Indterrogative'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Interrogative'''
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -pik
| -pik
Line 304: Line 303:
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
| -giiviŋ
|
| -giijik
|
| -giisi
|
| -giga
|
| -giija
|
| -giika
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -giijigiŋ
| -giijuk
| -giisi
| -giivut
| -givut
| -givut
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -giijigiŋ
| -giijuk
| -gisi
| -giivut
| -givut
| -givut
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -giima
| -giijiguq
| -giijigut
!
!
!
| -giijuk
| -gijik
| -gijik
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -gisiiŋa
| -giijiguk
| -giijigut
!
!
!
| -gii
| -giikiŋ
| -gijin
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -giisiiŋa
| -giijiguk
| -giijigut
!
!
!
| -giisi
| -gisi
| -gisi
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -gaaŋa
| -gaajiguk
| -gaajigut
| -gaajin
| -gaajik
| -gaasi
| -gaa
| -gik
| -gai
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -gaajaŋa
| -gaajiguk
| -gaajigut
| -gaajin
| -gaajik
| -gaasi
| -gaak
| -giŋik
| -gaix
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -gaajaŋa
| -gaajiguk
| -gaajigut
| -gaajin
| -gaajik
| -gaasi
| -gaat
| -gaix
| -gaix
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive interrogative paradigm (independent)
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -pigiŋ
| -pisik
| -pisi
| -piguk
| -pigik
| -pigix
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -pisigiŋ
| -pisik
| -pisi
| -pisiguk
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -pisigiŋ
| -pisik
| -pisi
| -pisigu
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -piŋa
| -pisiguk
| -pisigut
!
!
!
| -piuŋ
| -pisi
| -pisigix
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -pisiiŋa
| -pisiguk
| -pisigut
!
!
!
| -pisiiŋ
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -piŋuuŋa
| -pisiguk
| -pajigut
!
!
!
| -pisiiŋ
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -paŋa
| -pajiguk
| -pajigut
| -pajin
| -gajik
| -pasi
| -pauŋ
| -pagik
| -pagix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -paaŋa
| -pajiguk
| -pajigut
| -pajin
| -pajik
| -pasi
| -paaku
| -paakik
| -pajigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -paaŋa
| -pajiguk
| -pajigut
| -pajin
| -pajik
| -pasi
| -paajuŋ
| -pajigik
| -pajigik
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive imperative affirmative paradigm (independent)
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -laapiŋ
| -laajik
| -laasi
| -lagu
| -lagik
| -lagix
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -laajigiŋ
| -laajik
| -laasi
| -laapuk
| -laajik
| -laajigix
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -laajigiŋ
| -laajik
| -laasi
| -laaput
| -laavut
| -laavut
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -ŋŋa
| -tuguk
| -tigut
!
!
!
| -uŋ
| -(ː)kik<ref name="¹">It means geminate the last phoneme of the radical</ref>
| -k/(ː)kix<ref name="¹" /><ref name="²">First form if the radical ends in a vowel, second if a consonant</ref>
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -siiŋa
| -tiguk
| -tigut
!
!
!
| -ːku<ref name="¹" />
| -sigik
| -sigix
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -siiŋa
| -tiguk
| -tigut
!
!
!
| -siuŋ
| -sigik
| -sigix
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -liŋa
| -lisiguk
| -lisigut
| -lisin
| -lisik
| -lisi
| -liuŋ
| -ligik
| -ligix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -liiŋa
| -lisiguk
| -lisigut
| -lisin
| -lisik
| -lisi
| -liiku
| -lisigik
| -lisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -liiŋa
| -lisiguk
| -lisigut
| -lisin
| -lisik
| -lisi
| -liijuŋ
| -lisigik
| -lisigix
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive imperative negative paradigm
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -naŋa
!
!
| -naŋa
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -najiguk
!
!
| -najiguk
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -najigut
!
!
| -najigut
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
| -nagix
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
!
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -nasiiŋa
!
| -nasigut
!
!
!
| -nasiuŋ
!
| -nasigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagik
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
!
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive conditional (dependent) paradigm
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -aakiŋ
| -aajik
| -aasi
| -aaku
| -aakik
| -aakix
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
| -aajigiŋ
|
| -aajik
|
| -aasi
|
| -aajigu
|
| -aajigik
|
| -aajigik
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
| -aajigiiŋ
|
| -aajik
|
| -aasi
|
| -aajigu
|
| -aajigik
|
| -aajigik
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
|
| -aaŋa
|
| -aajiguk
|
| -aajigut
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
| -aaku
|
| -aakik
|
| -aakix
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
|
| -aasiiŋa
|
| -aajiguk
|
| -aajigut
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
| -aajigu
|
| -aajigik
|
| -aajigik
|-
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
|
| -aasiiŋa
|
| -aajiguk
|
| -aajigut
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
| -aasiuŋ
|
| -aasigik
|
| -aasigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3S reflexive'''}}
| -amiŋa
| -amisiguk
| -amisigut
| -amisin
| -amisik
| -amisi
| -amiuŋ
| -amigik
| -amisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3D reflexive'''}}
| -amisiŋa
| -amisiguk
| -amisigut
| -amisin
| -amisik
| -amisi
| -amiijuŋ
| -amisiikik
| -amisigiŋ
|-
| {{Center|'''3P reflexive'''}}
| -amiiŋa
| -amisiguk
| -amisigut
| -amisin
| -amisik
| -amisi
| -amiijuŋ
| -amisihik
| -amisigiŋ
|-
| {{Center|'''3S non-reflexive'''}}
| -maŋa
| -najiguk
| -najigut
| -majin
| -majik
| -masi
| -magu
| -magik
| -magix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D non-reflexive'''}}
| -maaŋa
| -najiguk
| -najigut
| -majin
| -majik
| -nasu
| -aaku
| -maagik
| -maajigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3P non-reflexive'''}}
| -maŋa
| -najiguk
| -najigut
| -majin
| -majik
| -masi
| -maaju
| -maajigik
| -majigik
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive coordinative (dependent)
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugik
| -lagix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugik
| -lagix
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugik
| -lagix
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive participial paradigm
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -kkaapiŋ
| -kkaajik
| -kkaasi
| -kaga
| -kkaka
| -kkaaka
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -kkaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kkaavuk
| -kkavuk
| -kkaavuK
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -kkaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kkaavut
| -kkavut
| -kkaavut
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -kkaama
| -kkaajiguk
| -kkaajigut
!
!
!
| -kkan
| -kkakiŋ
| -kkajin
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -kkaajiŋa
| -kkaajiguk
| -kkaajigut
!
!
!
| -kkaajik
| -kkajik
| -kkajik
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -kkasiiŋa
| -kkaajiguk
| -kkaajigut
!
!
!
| -kkaaqi
| -kkasi
| -kkasi
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
|
| -kkaŋani
|
| -kkaŋajiguk
|
| -kkaŋajigut
|
| -kkaŋajin
|
| -kkaŋajik
|
| -kkaŋasi
|
| -kkaŋa
|
| -kkak
|
| -kkaŋi
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
|
| -kkaŋani
|
| -kkaŋajiguk
|
| -kkaŋajigut
|
| -kkaŋajin
|
| -kkaŋajik
|
| -kkaŋasi
|
| -kkaŋak
|
| -kkaŋik
|
| -kkaŋik
|-
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
|
| -kkaŋani
|
| -kkaŋajiguk
|
| -kkaŋajigut
|
| -kkaŋajin
|
| -kkaŋajik
|
| -kkaŋasi
|
| -kkaŋat
|
| -kkaŋix
|
| -kkaŋix
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intransitive participial paradigm
| {{Center|'''Person'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -tuaŋa
| -tuaguk
| -tuagut
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -tuajin
| -tuasik
| -tuasi
|-
| {{Center|'''3'''}}
| -tuaq
| -tuak
| -tuat
|}
|}
Notes
Notes
*The ː symbol means that the last phoneme of the radical is geminated.
*The ː symbol means that the last phoneme of the radical is geminated.
*In the case of the transitive participial, if the last consonant of the radical is k or q, they must be deleted, if it's t, then the kka becomes ta.
{{stub}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Qasunattuuji]]
[[Category:Qasunattuuji]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Qasunattuuji_verbs"