Dialects of Rokadong: Difference between revisions

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In oceanic Rokadong, the two pairs of allophones are usually in free variation, not following the phonotactical rules of coastal Rokadong. Kihiteláh Rokadong speakers, for example, regularly use the non-sibilant in the suffix ''-sona'', despite the /s/ in that suffix being an onset. Lerabteláh Rokadong, on the other hand, takes the relatively radical approach of merging all four phones, using [s] intervocalically and adjacent to unvoiced consonants, and [z] adjacent to voiced consonants.

===Onset glottal stop===

Typically, Modern Rokadong is defined as Rokadong from when the glottal stop /ʔ/ was reanalyzed as /∅/ and treated accordingly, changing to a glide. This is reflected in the standard romanizations for words with historic /ʔ/ in the onset, as the standard Rokadong romanization is based on Pahang Rokadong. However, this sound change did not apply equally to all Rokadong dialects, particularly in non-learned content words.

In most dialects, the sound changes of intervocalic /ʔ/ becoming /j/ after front vowels and /w/ after back vowels apply to function words (particles and the like). However, in some very uncommon dialects, the glottal stop is kept even in these words. For dialects without a "-" in the above table, this sound change does not occur for some subset of the Rokadong lexicon.

Lerabteláh Rokadong is the only dialect given a partial check for glottal stop maintenance. This is because while it otherwise matches Kihiteláh Rokadong for this sound change, /ʔ/ has an alternate reaction when disyllabic reduction is applied. In this case, a */ʔː/ generated will become /kː/ instead.

===Disyllabic reduction===

Dialects with this sound change are characterized by removing the ~~first~~ vowel of the sequence /CVCV/~~, where each C and each V are the same,~~ for at least one consonant. ~~However~~, it is not reduced at the beginning of a word, though in some dialects the first V is instead epenthesized with the first C. Either way, the result is a geminate consonant /(V)CːV/.

Dialects with this sound change are characterized by removing the vowel of the sequence /CVCV/ for at least one consonant. This usually requires that the two consonants differ in only voicing, though the second consonant has to be voiceless if they do differ in voicing - that is, ''{{term|ruvafukar}}'' will simplify from /ˌɾuvafuˈkaɾ/ to /ˈɾufːukaɾ/, but ''{{term|nakagara}}'' does not simplify from /ˈnakagaɾa/. Generally, the two vowels have to also be the same, though /a/ from or pronounced like historic /ə/ can also be the first vowel, as seen in the ''ruvafukar'' example. Note that generally this cluster is not reduced at the beginning of a word, though in some dialects the first V is instead epenthesized with the first C. Either way, the result is a geminate consonant /(V)CːV/.

However, ~~Lerabtelah~~ is unique in ~~that the sequence~~ /~~kukV~~/ also ~~is reduced~~ for any V, not just /u/, ~~and in that~~ /l ɾ/ are considered the same phoneme for this sound change, turning any combination of those two consonants into [r], much as with Pahang Rokadong /lɾ ɾl/.

However, Lerabteláh is unique in three ways:

* /u/ can also allow disyllabic reduction for velar C and any V, not just /u/.

* /k ʔ/ are considered the same phoneme for this sound change, turning any combination of those two consonants into [kː].

* /l ɾ/ are considered the same phoneme for this sound change and, like Karroka, still can reduce them despite being voiced, turning any resulting combination of those two consonants into [r], much as with Pahang Rokadong /lɾ ɾl/.

Disyllabic reduction is rarely written orthographically, though it can be specified using the coda glottal stop letter {{roka|'}}, which phonetically creates geminate plosives even in dialects without this sound change, in place of the first consonant and its diacritic.

~~In order~~, the ~~most common consonants this change can apply to are~~ /~~k t s p ʃ ɾ l f~~/. ~~Only~~ one needs to be present for the dialect to be said to exhibit disyllabic reduction. This sound change can occasionally happen in dialects not said to exhibit disyllabic reduction due to talking speed and/or prosody - a dialect is said to have disyllabic reduction only if this sound change is applied for slow and/or careful speech.

Generally speaking, any of the voiceless plosives or fricatives except /h/ are valid targets for gemination. However, only one needs to be present for the dialect to be said to exhibit disyllabic reduction. This sound change can occasionally happen in dialects not said to exhibit disyllabic reduction due to talking speed and/or prosody - a dialect is said to have disyllabic reduction only if this sound change is applied for slow and/or careful speech.

Interestingly, free variation ''tékuhasa'' dialects rarely apply both that sound change and disyllabic reduction on the same sequence - that is, [sː] is more common than [θː].

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 In oceanic Rokadong, the two pairs of allophones are usually in free variation, not following the phonotactical rules of coastal Rokadong. Kihiteláh Rokadong speakers, for example, regularly use the non-sibilant in the suffix ''-sona'', despite the /s/ in that suffix being an onset. Lerabteláh Rokadong, on the other hand, takes the relatively radical approach of merging all four phones, using [s] intervocalically and adjacent to unvoiced consonants, and [z] adjacent to voiced consonants.
+===Onset glottal stop===
+Typically, Modern Rokadong is defined as Rokadong from when the glottal stop /ʔ/ was reanalyzed as /∅/ and treated accordingly, changing to a glide. This is reflected in the standard romanizations for words with historic /ʔ/ in the onset, as the standard Rokadong romanization is based on Pahang Rokadong. However, this sound change did not apply equally to all Rokadong dialects, particularly in non-learned content words.
+In most dialects, the sound changes of intervocalic /ʔ/ becoming /j/ after front vowels and /w/ after back vowels apply to function words (particles and the like). However, in some very uncommon dialects, the glottal stop is kept even in these words. For dialects without a "-" in the above table, this sound change does not occur for some subset of the Rokadong lexicon.
+Lerabteláh Rokadong is the only dialect given a partial check for glottal stop maintenance. This is because while it otherwise matches Kihiteláh Rokadong for this sound change, /ʔ/ has an alternate reaction when disyllabic reduction is applied. In this case, a */ʔː/ generated will become /kː/ instead.
 ===Disyllabic reduction===
-Dialects with this sound change are characterized by removing the first vowel of the sequence /CVCV/, where each C and each V are the same, for at least one consonant. However, it is not reduced at the beginning of a word, though in some dialects the first V is instead epenthesized with the first C. Either way, the result is a geminate consonant /(V)CːV/.
+Dialects with this sound change are characterized by removing the vowel of the sequence /CVCV/ for at least one consonant. This usually requires that the two consonants differ in only voicing, though the second consonant has to be voiceless if they do differ in voicing - that is, ''{{term|ruvafukar}}'' will simplify from /ˌɾuvafuˈkaɾ/ to /ˈɾufːukaɾ/, but ''{{term|nakagara}}'' does not simplify from /ˈnakagaɾa/. Generally, the two vowels have to also be the same, though /a/ from or pronounced like historic /ə/ can also be the first vowel, as seen in the ''ruvafukar'' example. Note that generally this cluster is not reduced at the beginning of a word, though in some dialects the first V is instead epenthesized with the first C. Either way, the result is a geminate consonant /(V)CːV/.
-However, Lerabtelah is unique in that the sequence /kukV/ also is reduced for any V, not just /u/, and in that /l ɾ/ are considered the same phoneme for this sound change, turning any combination of those two consonants into [r], much as with Pahang Rokadong /lɾ ɾl/.
+However, Lerabteláh is unique in three ways:
+* /u/ can also allow disyllabic reduction for velar C and any V, not just /u/.
+* /k ʔ/ are considered the same phoneme for this sound change, turning any combination of those two consonants into [kː].
+* /l ɾ/ are considered the same phoneme for this sound change and, like Karroka, still can reduce them despite being voiced, turning any resulting combination of those two consonants into [r], much as with Pahang Rokadong /lɾ ɾl/.
 Disyllabic reduction is rarely written orthographically, though it can be specified using the coda glottal stop letter {{roka|'}}, which phonetically creates geminate plosives even in dialects without this sound change, in place of the first consonant and its diacritic.
-In order, the most common consonants this change can apply to are /k t s p ʃ ɾ l f/. Only one needs to be present for the dialect to be said to exhibit disyllabic reduction. This sound change can occasionally happen in dialects not said to exhibit disyllabic reduction due to talking speed and/or prosody - a dialect is said to have disyllabic reduction only if this sound change is applied for slow and/or careful speech.
+Generally speaking, any of the voiceless plosives or fricatives except /h/ are valid targets for gemination. However, only one needs to be present for the dialect to be said to exhibit disyllabic reduction. This sound change can occasionally happen in dialects not said to exhibit disyllabic reduction due to talking speed and/or prosody - a dialect is said to have disyllabic reduction only if this sound change is applied for slow and/or careful speech.
 Interestingly, free variation ''tékuhasa'' dialects rarely apply both that sound change and disyllabic reduction on the same sequence - that is, [sː] is more common than [θː].