Moshurian: Difference between revisions

(30 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 9:

| pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian

| ethnicity = Moshurians

| speakers = 410,000,000

| speakers = Native: 410,000,000

| speakers2 = [[w:Second language|L2]]: 40,000,000

| date = 400 UH

| date = 400 BH

| setting = Radael

| creator = User:Jukethatbox

Line 20:

| fam2 = Paleoyeldhic

| fam3 = Tulooric

| ancestor1 = ~~Kóftąbriác Yeldha~~

| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]

| ancestor2 = Proto-~~Tulooric~~

| ancestor2 = Proto-Paleoyeldhic

| ancestor3 = ~~Early Moshurian~~

| ancestor3 = Proto-Tulooric

| ancestor4 = ~~Ancient~~ Moshurian

| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian

| ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian

| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian

| dia1 = Taráhus dialect~~(''Taráhus gugtui'')~~

| dia1 = Taráhus dialect

** Oźmaneli dialect~~(''Oźmaneli gugtui'')~~

** Oźmaneli dialect

| dia2 = Oalan dialect~~(''Oalan gugtui'')~~

| dia2 = Oalan dialect

| dia3 = Loïha dialect~~(''Loïha gugtui'')~~

| dia3 = Loïha dialect

| dia4 = Odezyë dialect~~(''Odezyë gugtui'')~~

| dia4 = Odezyë dialect

| dia5 = Far East dialect~~(''Dmuriékh gugtui'')~~

| dia5 = Far East dialect

| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect~~(''Sépenzg gugtui'')~~

| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect

| agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation

| nation = Moshurian Empire Iśatúr Confederacy

Line 38:

| notice = IPA

}}

'''Moshurian'''(~~[[w:Endonym|endonym]]:~~ ''uthilikh''; Moshurian: [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[~~ˈuðˌilix~~]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken in ~~mostly~~ Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and ~~also has significant~~ minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''~~(lit. "far away east"~~). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is ~~thoroughly~~ used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire~~, no matter what one's mother tongue is~~.

'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; Moshurian: [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch and Radael as a whole, and thus acts as a general ''lingua franca'' across Radael, both in Talkoch and Birnu. Significant minority communities include those on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, many in the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance(also called the ''Dmuriékh''). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.

~~Philologically, the language~~ is ~~of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]]~~ language ~~superfamily~~, ~~which also includes languages~~ like ~~[[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]~~. ~~Within the superfamily, it~~ is ~~of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch:~~ a ~~deviation of [[Proto~~-~~Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent~~ and ~~around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of~~ a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric branch of languages, of which Moshurian is part of, and the Najmunsaic branch of languages, of which Aquq and Hátuli is part of, occured around 3000 UH.

Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with some fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.

~~It is one of the only surviving languages indigenous to the Munsanukh Valley, which is generally considered, alongside Tuloor Lake, to be the birthplace of the Moshurian race, culture and language.~~

==Usage==

===In the Moshurian Empire===

Line 58:

Line 57:

Their dialect differs very little from mainland Taráhus Moshurians; see ''[[Moshurian#Far East dialect|§Far East dialect]]''.

==Origin==

==History==

===Origin===

Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are descended from the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.

===Ancestors===

====Comparative morphology====

{| class=~~bluetable lightbluebg~~ style="text-align: center;"

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan=2 | !! Early Moshurian !! Old Moshurian !! Middle Moshurian !! Modern Moshurian

|-

Line 93:

Line 95:

Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/.

Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology~~, though strangely~~ the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.

Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian dialects#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.

====Middle Moshurian====

Middle Moshurian, also called '''Classical Moshurian''', is the most recently spoken ancestor of Moshurian. Its development saw the emergence of the standard written Moshurian script, which developed from the "Bone-etch" script used by the Bâ(Modern Moshurian: ''Bákh'') clan of Northern Maranösia.

Line 124:

Line 127:

The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian.

====Romanisation====

Modern Moshurian romanisation was unstandardised before 400 BH. Before this, various systems were used, most influenced by other Latin scripts or romanisations, though the Turkic-inspired Ügna system began to take prominence shortly before standardisation.

After 400 BH, the newly created Ministry of Linguistic Regulation was tasked in finding or creating a new standard. Ügna, as well as linguist Čohmečo(known for his work on the Lakota and Albanian-inspired Čhehiyapi system) were scouted to work together on a new standard, though they struggled to work together and both quit the project early on. Wişáskoŋ, an amateur neoscript enthusiast, then combined the two systems into the modern Moshurian Romanisation System(''Uthilikh Romàdeşk Goşigë'', Moshurian: [[Help:IPA|[ˈuð.ilix ɽomˈə̃d.ɛʃk goˈʃi.gɪ]]]).

Though Ügna's system was used as the primary template, various features characteristic of Ügna were switched to their Čhehiyapi counterpart such as the glyph for /ɪ/ changing from the [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]] [[w:Dotless I|dotless I]], ⟨ı⟩, from Ügna to the Albanian [[w:Ë|e-diaeresis]], ⟨ë⟩ from Čhehiyapi.

Čhehiyapi's signature use of ⟨ŋ⟩ to represent the phoneme of the same symbol was also swapped in from Ügna's use of ⟨ñ⟩, a feature again taken from Kazakh.

===Consonants===

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Consonant phonemes

|-

Line 159:

Line 169:

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | ~~([[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]])<ref>Only used in certain dialects. Still orthographically represented as 〈th〉.</ref>~~ || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]

Line 194:

Line 204:

===Vowels===

{|class="~~lightbluebg bluetable~~" style="text-align: center;"

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Vowel phonemes

|-

Line 209:

Line 219:

|-

! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]

| colspan="2"| || || [[~~w:Mid central vowel~~|ə̃]] ||

| colspan="2"| || || [[Moshurian dialects#N-Schwa shift|ə̃]] ||

|-

! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]

Line 215:

Line 225:

|-

! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]

| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]

| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || colspan=2| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]~[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]

|}

Line 239:

Line 249:

* ''sespid'' from Ilda ''sāspidi'', "nurse"

* ''ustrim'' from Ilda ''ustrēm'', "doctor"

* ''babulo'' from Ilda ''pabulos'', "surgeon"

** ''kábulil'' from Ilda ''cābulisē'', "surgery"

=====Non-medical terms=====

Line 250:

Line 262:

===Verbs===

Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Suffixes

|-

Line 271:

Line 283:

===Numerals===

Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Moshurian !! English

|-

Line 287:

Line 299:

===Pronouns===

====Demonstrative====

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Demonstrative pronouns

|-

Line 302:

Line 314:

====Personal====

Personal pronouns in Moshurian are, for the most part, identical to their verb inflections.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Personal pronouns

|-

Line 319:

Line 331:

====Possessive====

Possessive pronouns in Moshurian are identical to personal pronouns, except that they add the prefix ''ta-'' before the personal pronoun.

{| class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align: center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Possessive pronouns

|-

Line 348:

Line 360:

Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the

prefix ''ta-''.

{| class=~~bluetable lightbluebg~~ style="text-align: center";

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center";

! colspan=2 |

! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive

Line 354:

Line 366:

! rowspan=2 | Noun

! Consonant-ending

| rowspan=4 | -

| rowspan=3 | -

| ''-éd''

| rowspan=4 | ''ta-''

| rowspan=3 | ''ta-''

|-

! Vowel-ending

Line 363:

Line 375:

! colspan=2 | Pronoun

| ''-e''

|-

|}

Line 369:

Line 380:

====Tense particles====

In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, a ''particle'' is used just before the object, e.g. '''''öş''' gersetigéd kestolék''(I built a house).

{|class="~~bluetable lightbluebg~~" style="text-align:center;"

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Tense particles

|-

Line 398:

Line 409:

==Dialects==

~~===Standard dialect===~~

''Main article: [[Moshurian dialects]]''

The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, many of which who are vastly different from each other, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects.

~~====Inner Taráhus dialect====~~

~~The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line:~~ <blockquote>"''[...] The dialect '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote>

However, this quote can be considered quite vague, as the MLR and the wider capitol has changed location many times in Taráhus. One year, the MLR headquarters was located in the district of Oźmaneli, where a borderline unintelligible dialect of Moshurian is spoken, and, for that year, the bizarre Oźmaneli dialect was considered the standard, causing great confusion to non-Oźmanelis.

~~====Oźmaneli dialect====~~

~~The Oźmaneli dialect is a dialect spoken in the inner city district of Oźmaneli. It has garnered much attention from linguists, as its pronunciation is widely different from typical pronunciation.~~

~~Additionally, it is the only dialect to utilise the [[w:Zero copula|zero copula]], an effect where the verb "to be" is not used in a statement, e.g. instead of "I am tired" it would be "I tired".~~

~~=====Phonetic differences=====~~

~~In general, the pattern seems to be that voiceless consonants tend to get voiced, but this is not always the case.~~

* /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɳ] or [ɟ]<ref>Why /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɟ] is one of the greatest mysteries of Moshurian.</ref>

* /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]

* /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref>

* /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/.

* Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced [ɬ]

~~=====Morphological differences=====~~

* ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''.

* ''[[Contionary:pusadi|pusadi]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''bsédodifh''.

* ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''~~utuɟul''.~~

* ''[[Contionary:surus|surus]]/[[Contionary:~~zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''şild/soéş''.~~

~~=====Oźmaneli rhyming slang=====~~

~~Very similar to [[w:Rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]] in London, Oźmaneli has its own rhyming slang, that often leaves many non-Oźmanelis ''stringed''(confused).~~

* ''abaza''(football) rhymes with ''dzul iz upaza''(colour and shape) → ''dzul''

* ''zebatalomh''(confuse) → ''usuŋtua sibatal''(stringed instrument) → ''usuŋtua''

~~===Oalan dialect===~~

The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect, although this interpretation is obviously considered quite offensive by Oalanians, who in return see the Taráhusians as "egotistic bourgeois moral absolutists", or just "rich assholes" for short. Perhaps not so coincidentally, the local branch of the Moshurian Socialist Party often use rich Taráhusians as scapegoats in economic troubles, and are thus quite popular in the region.

~~====Phonological differences====~~

* Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic.

** Middle Moshurian ''ukhalan''<ref>Often mentioned as a possible etymology for the city of Oalan.</ref> → (possibly) Oalan

* Initial /u/ is pronounced [o] or [ɔ].

** ''uthilikh'' /ˈuð.ilix/ → ''othilih'' [~~ˈoθ.ilih]~~

* Final /x/ is pronounced [~~h] or not at all~~

** ''semikh'' → ''semï/semih''

* Final unrounded vowels are rounded.

** ''asti'' /asti/ → ''astï'' [asty]

* Voiced fricatives at the end of syllables, unless velar or glottal and the next phone is a vowel, are unvoiced.

** ''eźir'' /ɛˈʒiɽ/ → ''eşir'' [ɛˈʃiɽ]

~~===Loïha dialect===~~

~~The Loïha dialect is the dialect of~~ Moshurian speakers who reside in the Golden Plain. Loïha is possibly the most distinct but still intelligible dialect of Moshurian. This is because there are very few morphological differences, but quite large sound changes.

Notably, the Loïha dialect can be split into two groups: the Western and Eastern dialects. Western Loïha tends to be a bit more distant from the standard, whereas Eastern is the opposite. However, what is universal across both dialects ~~is that [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stops]] are incorporated in everyday speech.~~

~~====Sound changes====~~

* From /ð/ → [θ](Western) or [ð](Eastern)

* From /x/ → [ʁ]~~(Western) or [χ~~]~~(Eastern)~~

* In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/.

~~===Odezyë dialect===~~

~~The Odezyë dialect is phonetically not very different from standard Moshurian, but it does have a bizarre mannerism that cannot be found in any other dialect- that being the suffix~~ ''-áktu''. It is placed directly after any sort of proper noun, including names. The origin of this is heavily debated- although the most prominent theory claims that it may come from the Aquq genitive suffix ''-et’ḛ''.

~~===Far East dialect===~~

~~The entire existence of the Far East Moshurians(''Dmuriékh''; Moshurian:~~ ~~[[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[dˈmuɽi̯ˌex]</nowiki>]]) is shrouded in mystery, but they seem to speak a certain dialect of Moshurian that only slightly varies from the standard Taráhus dialect.~~

~~====Phonological differences====~~

* /u/ → [ʊ] or [ɯ] in some cases

* [VN]<ref>Vowel before nasal consonant. Quite common in the Eastern subgroup of dialects.</ref> → [Ṽ].

~~===Sépenzg dialect===~~

Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced /ʃ/.

The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages.

==Example texts==

Line 469:

Line 418:

[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Radael]]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian
 | ethnicity = Moshurians
-| speakers = 410,000,000
+| speakers = Native: 410,000,000
 | speakers2 = [[w:Second language|L2]]: 40,000,000
-| date = 400 UH
+| date = 400 BH
 | setting = Radael
 | creator = User:Jukethatbox
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 | fam2 = Paleoyeldhic
 | fam3 = Tulooric
-| ancestor1 = Kóftąbriác Yeldha
+| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]
-| ancestor2 = Proto-Tulooric
+| ancestor2 = Proto-Paleoyeldhic
-| ancestor3 = Early Moshurian
+| ancestor3 = Proto-Tulooric
-| ancestor4 = Ancient Moshurian
+| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian
 | ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian
 | stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
-| dia1 = Taráhus dialect(''Taráhus gugtui'')<br>
+| dia1 = Taráhus dialect<br>
-** Oźmaneli dialect(''Oźmaneli gugtui'')
+** Oźmaneli dialect
-| dia2 = Oalan dialect(''Oalan gugtui'')
+| dia2 = Oalan dialect
-| dia3 = Loïha dialect(''Loïha gugtui'')
+| dia3 = Loïha dialect
-| dia4 = Odezyë dialect(''Odezyë gugtui'')
+| dia4 = Odezyë dialect
-| dia5 = Far East dialect(''Dmuriékh gugtui'')
+| dia5 = Far East dialect
-| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect(''Sépenzg gugtui'')
+| dia6 = Sépenzg dialect
 | agency = Ministry of Linguistic Regulation
 | nation = Moshurian Empire<br>Iśatúr Confederacy
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 | notice = IPA
 }}
-'''Moshurian'''([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuðˌilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken in mostly Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is thoroughly used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is.
+'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch and Radael as a whole, and thus acts as a general ''lingua franca'' across Radael, both in Talkoch and Birnu. Significant minority communities include those on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, many in the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance(also called the ''Dmuriékh''). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.
-Philologically, the language is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric branch of languages, of which Moshurian is part of, and the Najmunsaic branch of languages, of which Aquq and Hátuli is part of, occured around 3000 UH.
+Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with some fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.
-It is one of the only surviving languages indigenous to the Munsanukh Valley, which is generally considered, alongside Tuloor Lake, to be the birthplace of the Moshurian race, culture and language.
 ==Usage==
 ===In the Moshurian Empire===
@@ Line 58: / Line 57: @@
 Their dialect differs very little from mainland Taráhus Moshurians; see ''[[Moshurian#Far East dialect|§Far East dialect]]''.
-==Origin==
+==History==
+===Origin===
+Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are descended from the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.
 ===Ancestors===
 ====Comparative morphology====
-{| class=bluetable lightbluebg style="text-align: center;"
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
 ! colspan=2 | !! Early Moshurian !! Old Moshurian !! Middle Moshurian !! Modern Moshurian
 |-
@@ Line 93: / Line 95: @@
 Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/.
-Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology, though strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.
+Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian dialects#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.
 ====Middle Moshurian====
 Middle Moshurian, also called '''Classical Moshurian''', is the most recently spoken ancestor of Moshurian. Its development saw the emergence of the standard written Moshurian script, which developed from the "Bone-etch" script used by the Bâ(Modern Moshurian: ''Bákh'') clan of Northern Maranösia.
@@ Line 124: / Line 127: @@
 The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian.
+====Romanisation====
+Modern Moshurian romanisation was unstandardised before 400 BH. Before this, various systems were used, most influenced by other Latin scripts or romanisations, though the Turkic-inspired Ügna system began to take prominence shortly before standardisation.
+After 400 BH, the newly created Ministry of Linguistic Regulation was tasked in finding or creating a new standard. Ügna, as well as linguist Čohmečo(known for his work on the Lakota and Albanian-inspired Čhehiyapi system) were scouted to work together on a new standard, though they struggled to work together and both quit the project early on. Wişáskoŋ, an amateur neoscript enthusiast, then combined the two systems into the modern Moshurian Romanisation System(''Uthilikh Romàdeşk Goşigë'', <small>Moshurian:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈuð.ilix ɽomˈə̃d.ɛʃk goˈʃi.gɪ]]]).
+Though Ügna's system was used as the primary template, various features characteristic of Ügna were switched to their Čhehiyapi counterpart such as the glyph for /ɪ/ changing from the [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]] [[w:Dotless I|dotless I]], ⟨ı⟩, from Ügna to the Albanian [[w:Ë|e-diaeresis]], ⟨ë⟩ from Čhehiyapi.
+Čhehiyapi's signature use of ⟨ŋ⟩ to represent the phoneme of the same symbol was also swapped in from Ügna's use of ⟨ñ⟩, a feature again taken from Kazakh.
 ===Consonants===
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Consonant phonemes
 |-
@@ Line 159: / Line 169: @@
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]])<ref>Only used in certain dialects. Still orthographically represented as 〈th〉.</ref> || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
+| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
@@ Line 194: / Line 204: @@
 ===Vowels===
-{|class="lightbluebg bluetable" style="text-align: center;"
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Vowel phonemes
 |-
@@ Line 209: / Line 219: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
-| colspan="2"| || || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə̃]] ||
+| colspan="2"| || || [[Moshurian dialects#N-Schwa shift|ə̃]] ||
 |-
 ! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
@@ Line 215: / Line 225: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
-| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
+| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || colspan=2| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]~[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
 |}
@@ Line 239: / Line 249: @@
 * ''sespid'' from Ilda ''sāspidi'', "nurse"
 * ''ustrim'' from Ilda ''ustrēm'', "doctor"
+* ''babulo'' from Ilda ''pabulos'', "surgeon"
+** ''kábulil'' from Ilda ''cābulisē'', "surgery"
 =====Non-medical terms=====
@@ Line 250: / Line 262: @@
 ===Verbs===
 Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Suffixes
 |-
@@ Line 271: / Line 283: @@
 ===Numerals===
 Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 ! Moshurian !! English
 |-
@@ Line 287: / Line 299: @@
 ===Pronouns===
 ====Demonstrative====
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Demonstrative pronouns
 |-
@@ Line 302: / Line 314: @@
 ====Personal====
 Personal pronouns in Moshurian are, for the most part, identical to their verb inflections.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Personal pronouns
 |-
@@ Line 319: / Line 331: @@
 ====Possessive====
 Possessive pronouns in Moshurian are identical to personal pronouns, except that they add the prefix ''ta-'' before the personal pronoun.
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Possessive pronouns
 |-
@@ Line 348: / Line 360: @@
 Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the
 prefix ''ta-''.
-{| class=bluetable lightbluebg style="text-align: center";
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center";
 ! colspan=2 |
 ! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive
@@ Line 354: / Line 366: @@
 ! rowspan=2 | Noun
 ! Consonant-ending
-| rowspan=4 | -
+| rowspan=3 | -
 | ''-éd''
-| rowspan=4 | ''ta-''
+| rowspan=3 | ''ta-''
 |-
 ! Vowel-ending
@@ Line 363: / Line 375: @@
 ! colspan=2 | Pronoun
 |  ''-e''
-|-
 |}
@@ Line 369: / Line 380: @@
 ====Tense particles====
 In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, a ''particle'' is used just before the object, e.g. '''''öş''' gersetigéd kestolék''(I built a house).
-{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |+ Tense particles
 |-
@@ Line 398: / Line 409: @@
 ==Dialects==
-===Standard dialect===
+<small>''Main article: [[Moshurian dialects]]''</small>
-The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, many of which who are vastly different from each other, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects.
-====Inner Taráhus dialect====
-The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line: <blockquote>"''[...] The dialect '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote>
-However, this quote can be considered quite vague, as the MLR and the wider capitol has changed location many times in Taráhus. One year, the MLR headquarters was located in the district of Oźmaneli, where a borderline unintelligible dialect of Moshurian is spoken, and, for that year, the bizarre Oźmaneli dialect was considered the standard, causing great confusion to non-Oźmanelis.
-====Oźmaneli dialect====
-The Oźmaneli dialect is a dialect spoken in the inner city district of Oźmaneli. It has garnered much attention from linguists, as its pronunciation is widely different from typical pronunciation.
-Additionally, it is the only dialect to utilise the [[w:Zero copula|zero copula]], an effect where the verb "to be" is not used in a statement, e.g. instead of "I am tired" it would be "I tired".
-=====Phonetic differences=====
-In general, the pattern seems to be that voiceless consonants tend to get voiced, but this is not always the case.
-* /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɳ] or [ɟ]<ref>Why /ŋ/ is pronounced [ɟ] is one of the greatest mysteries of Moshurian.</ref>
-* /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]
-* /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref>
-* /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/.
-* Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced [ɬ]
-=====Morphological differences=====
-* ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''.
-* ''[[Contionary:pusadi|pusadi]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''bsédodifh''.
-* ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''utuɟul''.
-* ''[[Contionary:surus|surus]]/[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''şild/soéş''.
-=====Oźmaneli rhyming slang=====
-Very similar to [[w:Rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]] in London, Oźmaneli has its own rhyming slang, that often leaves many non-Oźmanelis ''stringed''(confused).
-* ''abaza''(football) rhymes with ''dzul iz upaza''(colour and shape) → ''dzul''
-* ''zebatalomh''(confuse) → ''usuŋtua sibatal''(stringed instrument) → ''usuŋtua''
-===Oalan dialect===
-The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect, although this interpretation is obviously considered quite offensive by Oalanians, who in return see the Taráhusians as "egotistic bourgeois moral absolutists", or just "rich assholes" for short. Perhaps not so coincidentally, the local branch of the Moshurian Socialist Party often use rich Taráhusians as scapegoats in economic troubles, and are thus quite popular in the region.
-====Phonological differences====
-* Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic.
-** Middle Moshurian ''ukhalan''<ref>Often mentioned as a possible etymology for the city of Oalan.</ref> → (possibly) Oalan
-* Initial /u/ is pronounced [o] or [ɔ].
-** ''uthilikh'' /ˈuð.ilix/ → ''othilih'' [ˈoθ.ilih]
-* Final /x/ is pronounced [h] or not at all
-** ''semikh'' → ''semï/semih''
-* Final unrounded vowels are rounded.
-** ''asti'' /asti/ → ''astï'' [asty]
-* Voiced fricatives at the end of syllables, unless velar or glottal and the next phone is a vowel, are unvoiced.
-** ''eźir'' /ɛˈʒiɽ/ → ''eşir'' [ɛˈʃiɽ]
-===Loïha dialect===
-The Loïha dialect is the dialect of Moshurian speakers who reside in the Golden Plain. Loïha is possibly the most distinct but still intelligible dialect of Moshurian. This is because there are very few morphological differences, but quite large sound changes.
-Notably, the Loïha dialect can be split into two groups: the Western and Eastern dialects. Western Loïha tends to be a bit more distant from the standard, whereas Eastern is the opposite. However, what is universal across both dialects is that [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stops]] are incorporated in everyday speech.
-====Sound changes====
-* From /ð/ → [θ](Western) or [ð](Eastern)
-* From /x/ → [ʁ](Western) or [χ](Eastern)
-* In diphthong C̥V → /ʔV/.
-===Odezyë dialect===
-The Odezyë dialect is phonetically not very different from standard Moshurian, but it does have a bizarre mannerism that cannot be found in any other dialect- that being the suffix ''-áktu''. It is placed directly after any sort of proper noun, including names. The origin of this is heavily debated- although the most prominent theory claims that it may come from the Aquq genitive suffix ''-et’ḛ''.
-===Far East dialect===
-The entire existence of the Far East Moshurians(''Dmuriékh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[dˈmuɽi̯ˌex]</nowiki>]]) is shrouded in mystery, but they seem to speak a certain dialect of Moshurian that only slightly varies from the standard Taráhus dialect.
-====Phonological differences====
-* /u/ → [ʊ] or [ɯ] in some cases
-* [VN]<ref>Vowel before nasal consonant. Quite common in the Eastern subgroup of dialects.</ref> → [Ṽ].
-===Sépenzg dialect===
-Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced /ʃ/.
-The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages.
 ==Example texts==
@@ Line 469: / Line 418: @@
 [[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
 [[Category:Conlangs]]
+[[Category:Radael]]