Rokadong: Difference between revisions

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'''Rokadong''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ɾokadoŋ}}]) is a Nentan language spoken in western Quillan. As one of the primary languages of the Quill Kingdom, Rokadong is spoken by over 50,000,000 people, mostly Kana kanvas, as a first language.
'''Rokadong''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ɾokadoŋ}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in western Quillan. As one of the primary languages of the Quill Kingdom, Rokadong is spoken by over 50,000,000 people, mostly Kana kanvas, as a first language.


Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which Rokadong is placed, and Rokadong reflects that in some ways. However, the language is 100% human-compatible, as the virtually-identical-to-human figure and sketch species also use it.
Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which Rokadong is placed, and Rokadong reflects that in some ways. However, the language is 100% human-compatible, as the virtually-identical-to-human figure and sketch species also use it.
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Rokadong is a (C)V(C) language for the most part, though the final C in a word may also be clusters of a stop followed by /{{IPA|ɾ}}/. V can be a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. A more full description of Rokadong's syllable structure would be (C)(j)V(ː/C/Pɾ), where C is a consonant, j is /{{IPA|j}}/, V is a vowel, and Pɾ is a stop-/{{IPA|ɾ}}/ sequence. The /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ in an Pɾ sequence can be presumed syllabic, however, because in addition to being phoned as [{{IPA|Pɾə}}] in most dialects, whenever a syllable ends in a stop and the next syllable starts with /{{IPA|ɾ}}/, the preceding syllable is defective and cannot receive pitch accent. In other Nentan languages, similar things occur whenever two stop consonants (or a stop consonant and a consonant that evolved from a stop in that position) are adjacent, so /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ is sometimes analyzed as a stop consonant.
Rokadong is a (C)V(C) language for the most part, though the final C in a word may also be clusters of a stop followed by /{{IPA|ɾ}}/. V can be a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. A more full description of Rokadong's syllable structure would be (C)(j)V(ː/C/Pɾ), where C is a consonant, j is /{{IPA|j}}/, V is a vowel, and Pɾ is a stop-/{{IPA|ɾ}}/ sequence. The /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ in an Pɾ sequence can be presumed syllabic, however, because in addition to being phoned as [{{IPA|Pɾə}}] in most dialects, whenever a syllable ends in a stop and the next syllable starts with /{{IPA|ɾ}}/, the preceding syllable is defective and cannot receive pitch accent. In other Nentan languages, similar things occur whenever two stop consonants (or a stop consonant and a consonant that evolved from a stop in that position) are adjacent, so /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ is sometimes analyzed as a stop consonant.


/{{IPA|h ʔ}}/ are in complementary distribution, with the former only being permissible in the onset of syllables, and the latter only being permissible in the coda of syllables, and only before consonants or at the end of words. Additionally, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ merged with /{{IPA|n}}/ at the start of syllables, while the opposite occured with /{{IPA|ɲ}}/. Therefore, /{{IPA|ɲ ŋ}}/ are also in complementary distribution when not assimilated.
/{{IPA|h ʔ}}/ are usually in complementary distribution, with the former permissible only in the onset of syllables, and the latter permissible only in the coda of syllables in most dialects. Additionally, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ merged with /{{IPA|n}}/ at the start of syllables, while the opposite occured with /{{IPA|ɲ}}/. Therefore, /{{IPA|ɲ ŋ}}/ are also in complementary distribution when not assimilated.


Rokadong's diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw oj ja jo ju}}/. Only the latter three may appear with a syllable coda after them.
Rokadong's diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw oj ja jo ju}}/. Only the latter three may appear with a syllable coda after them.
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|width=75|p
|width=75|p
|width=50|[p]
|width=50|[p]
|''pa''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|B}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|B}}
|width=75|b
|width=75|b
|width=50|[b]
|width=50|[b]
|''ba''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|T}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|T}}
|width=75|t
|width=75|t
|width=50|[t]
|width=50|[t]
|''ta''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|D}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|D}}
|width=75|d
|width=75|d
|width=50|[d]
|width=50|[d]
|''da''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|C}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|C}}
|width=75|c
|width=75|c
|width=50|[t͡ʃ]
|width=50|[t͡ʃ]
|''ca''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|J}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|J}}
|width=75|j
|width=75|j
|width=50|[d͡ʒ]
|width=50|[d͡ʒ]
|''ja''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|K}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|K}}
|width=75|k
|width=75|k
|width=50|[k]
|width=50|[k]
|''ka''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|G}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|G}}
|width=75|g
|width=75|g
|width=50|[g]
|width=50|[g]
|''ga''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|" '}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|" '}}
|width=75|h
|width=75|h
|width=50|[ʔ]
|width=50|[ʔ]
|''ahha''
|''ahhá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|F}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|F}}
|width=75|f
|width=75|f
|width=50|[f]
|width=50|[f]
|''fa''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|V}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|V}}
|width=75|v
|width=75|v
|width=50|[v]
|width=50|[v]
|''va''
|''''
|}
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
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|width=75|s
|width=75|s
|width=50|[s]
|width=50|[s]
|''sa''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Z}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Z}}
|width=75|z
|width=75|z
|width=50|[z]
|width=50|[z]
|''za''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Q}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Q}}
|width=75|sh
|width=75|sh
|width=50|[ʃ]
|width=50|[ʃ]
|''sha''
|''shá''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|H}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|H}}
|width=75|h
|width=75|h
|width=50|[h]
|width=50|[h]
|''ha''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|L}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|L}}
|width=75|l
|width=75|l
|width=50|[l]
|width=50|[l]
|''la''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Y}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Y}}
|width=75|y
|width=75|y
|width=50|[j]
|width=50|[j]
|''ya''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|W}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|W}}
|width=75|w
|width=75|w
|width=50|[w]
|width=50|[w]
|''wa''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|R}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|R}}
|width=75|r
|width=75|r
|width=50|[ɾ]
|width=50|[ɾ]
|''ra''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|M m}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|M m}}
|width=75|m
|width=75|m
|width=50|[m]
|width=50|[m]
|''ma''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|N n}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|N n}}
|width=75|n
|width=75|n
|width=50|[n]
|width=50|[n]
|''na''
|''''
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|{ [}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|{ [}}
|width=75|ny
|width=75|ny
|width=50|[ɲ]
|width=50|[ɲ]
|''nya''
|''nyá''
|}
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
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|
|
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Ku KU}}
|width=75|u ú
|width=75|u ú
|width=50|[u uː]
|width=50|[u uː]
|
|
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|eK EK}}
|width=75|e é
|width=75|e é
|width=50|[e eː]
|width=50|[e eː]
|
|
|-
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Ko KO}}
|width=75|o ó
|width=75|o ó
|width=50|[o oː]
|width=50|[o oː]
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===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but they precede the noun rather than succeeding it. This means that even though ''{{term|tékuha}}'' and ''{{term|unya}}'' express an amount of something, they are determiners and not numerals, as they follow the noun. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. This means that even though ''{{term|tékuha}}'' and ''{{term|unya}}'' express an amount of something, they are determiners and not numerals, as they follow the noun. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.


When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to. That is, the phrase "cup of sugar" translates to ''ruhung to kairi'', not ''kairi to ruhung''.
When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to. That is, the phrase "cup of sugar" translates to ''ruhung to kairi'', not ''kairi to ruhung''.


===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to.
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.


===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===