Nantai: Difference between revisions
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* Lack of distinction between [e] and [i] | * Lack of distinction between [e] and [i] | ||
* Voicing of consonants between two vowels | * Voicing of consonants between two vowels | ||
* Lack of contracted syllables such as [ | * Lack of contracted syllables such as [gʲɯ] | ||
* Lack of morphological polite register. | * Lack of morphological polite register. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
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| || || l || || || || | | || || l || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
[ɲ] and [ŋ] are allophones of /n/, for before /e~i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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| a || || | | a || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Dipthongs==== | |||
In Japanese, /ou/ monophthongises to form a long /oː/. This rule does not occur in Nantai, so おう(''ou'') is pronounced [oʊ̯], not /oː/. In the now extinct Eastern Tochigi dialect, /ou/ was pronounced [joː], trading dipthongisation for initial palatalisation. | |||
====Nasalisation==== | ====Nasalisation==== | ||
When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/. | When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/. | ||
Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel. | Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Pitch-accent==== | ====Pitch-accent==== | ||
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===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Particles=== | |||
Like in Japanese, Nantai uses particles to distinguish topic and comment. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Japanese particle !! Nantai equivalent !! Purpose of particle | |||
|- | |||
| は<br>''wa'' || None - sometimes shown by elongation of final vowel, e.g.<br>彼らー(''kárìra-'') || Indicates topic | |||
|- | |||
| を<br>''wo'' || を<br> written ''ǫ'', pronounced [o] or [oʊ̯]<ref name="shirane">Only in the Shirane dialect.</ref> || Indicates direct object of action | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | が<br>''ga'' || Indicates subject, occasionally object | |||
|- | |||
| の<br>''no'' || の ''nó'' - for most words<br>なん ''nán'' - for masculine personal pronouns(彼 & 彼ら)|| Indicates possession | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | に<br>''ni'' || In, at, on, during, etc. | |||
|- | |||
| へ<br>written ''he'', pronounced [ɛ]. ||ゐ<br>''į''<br>[i], [ehi~ehe]<ref name="shirane"></ref>|| To, towards, for | |||
|} | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
====Personal==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | First person | |||
| ''hà''<br>私 || ''hà-táhi''<br>私達 | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Second person | |||
| ''náta''<br>なた || ''náta-táhi''<br>なた達 | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Third person | |||
! Masculine | |||
| ''kárì*''<br>彼 || ''kárìra''<br>彼ら | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| ''káno-sò*''<br>彼女 || ''káno-sò-táhi''<br>彼女達 | |||
|} | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Kárì''(彼) and ''káno-sò''(彼女) are loanwords from Japanese. Historically, Classical Nantai had no gendered third person pronouns. | |||
====Demonstrative==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Near !! Far !! Further | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| rowspan=2 | ''kó''<br>こ || ''ká''<br>か || ''aká''<br>あか<ref>Not to be confused with ''áka''(赤), meaning "red".</ref> | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''kásu''<br>かす || ''akásu''<br>あかす | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||