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Nantai has also influenced the [[w:Tochigi dialect|Tochigi dialect]] of Japanese, mainly through the lack of distinction between /i/ and /e/ sounds, which is the defining feature of Tochigi-ben, as well as the voicing of consonants between two vowels.
Nantai has also influenced the [[w:Tochigi dialect|Tochigi dialect]] of Japanese, mainly through the lack of distinction between /i/ and /e/ sounds, which is the defining feature of Tochigi-ben, as well as the voicing of consonants between two vowels.
==Comparison with Tochigi-ben==
Nantai has heavily influenced the defining features of the Tochigi dialect of Japanese, alternatively called Tochigi-ben. Some features of Tochigi-ben borrowed from Nantai include:
* Lack of distinction between [e] and [i]
* Voicing of consonants between two vowels
* Lack of contracted syllables such as [gʲɯ]
* Lack of morphological polite register.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Nantai uses the three writing systems of Japanese: [[w:Kanji|Kanji]], [[w:Katakana|Katakana]] and [[w:Hiragana|Hiragana]]. All three scripts have the same purpose as in Japanese, with Hiragana for grammar, Kanji for vocabulary and Katakana for foreign loanwords.
Nantai uses the three writing systems of Japanese: [[w:Kanji|Kanji]], [[w:Katakana|Katakana]] and [[w:Hiragana|Hiragana]]. All three scripts have the same purpose as in Japanese, with Hiragana for grammar, Kanji for vocabulary and Katakana for foreign loanwords.
====Romanisation====
<small>''Main article: [[Ōsugi-Min system]].''</small><br>
Nantai has a very different romanisation system than [[w:Hepburn romanisation|Hepburn]], the romanisation system used in Japanese. The main romanisation system used in Nantai is called the [[Ōsugi-Min system|Ōsugi-Min]] system, and looks much more like [[w:Hanyu Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]] than Hepburn, mainly because diacritics are used to show high and low tones.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-<br>palatal !! Velar !! Palatal !! Glottal
! !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-<br>palatal !! Velar !! Palatal !! Glottal
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| p b || t d || || k g || || ʔ
| p b || || t d || || k g || || ʔ
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricative
| ɸ || s z || ɕ ʑ || || || h
| || f || s z || ɕ ʑ || || || h
|-
! Affricate
| || || || t͡ɕ d͡ʑ || || ||
|-
|-
! Nasal
! Nasal
| m || n || || (ŋ) || (ɲ) ||
| m || || n || || (ŋ) || (ɲ) ||
|-
! Approximant
| w || || || || || ||
|-
! Lateral
| || || l || || || ||
|}
|}
/ɲ/ and /ŋ/ are allophones of /n/, for before /e/ or /i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively.
[ɲ] and [ŋ] are allophones of /n/, for before /e~i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively.
 
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close/close-mid
| i~e || || ɯ
|-
! Close-mid/Open-mid
|  || || o~ɔ
|-
! Open
| a || ||
|}
====Dipthongs====
In Japanese, /ou/ monophthongises to form a long /oː/. This rule does not occur in Nantai, so おう(''ou'') is pronounced [oʊ̯], not /oː/. In the now extinct Eastern Tochigi dialect, /ou/ was pronounced [joː], trading dipthongisation for initial palatalisation.
====Nasalisation====
When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/.
Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Pitch-accent====
====Intonation====
Nantai uses a similar pitch-accent system as Japanese.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Nantai has a similar phonotactic system as Japanese, which mostly fits the (C)V(V) pattern.
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Particles===
Like in Japanese, Nantai uses particles to distinguish topic and comment.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Japanese particle !! Nantai equivalent !! Purpose of particle
|-
| は<br>''wa'' || None - sometimes shown by elongation of final vowel, e.g.<br>彼らー(''kárìra-'') || Indicates topic
|-
| を<br>''wo'' || を<br> written ''ǫ'', pronounced [o] or [oʊ̯]<ref name="shirane">Only in the Shirane dialect.</ref> || Indicates direct object of action
|-
| colspan=2 | が<br>''ga'' || Indicates subject, occasionally object
|-
| の<br>''no'' || の ''nó'' - for most words<br>なん ''nán'' - for masculine personal pronouns(彼 & 彼ら)|| Indicates possession
|-
| colspan=2 | に<br>''ni'' || In, at, on, during, etc.
|-
| へ<br>written ''he'', pronounced [ɛ]. ||ゐ<br>''į''<br>[i], [ehi~ehe]<ref name="shirane"></ref>|| To, towards, for
|}
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! colspan=2 | First person
| ''hà''<br>私 || ''hà-táhi''<br>私達
|-
! colspan=2 | Second person
| ''náta''<br>なた || ''náta-táhi''<br>なた達
|-
! rowspan=2 | Third person
! Masculine
| ''kárì*''<br>彼 || ''kárìra''<br>彼ら
|-
! Feminine
| ''káno-sò*''<br>彼女 || ''káno-sò-táhi''<br>彼女達
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Kárì''(彼) and ''káno-sò''(彼女) are loanwords from Japanese. Historically, Classical Nantai had no gendered third person pronouns.
====Demonstrative====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Near !! Far !! Further
|-
! Singular
| rowspan=2 | ''kó''<br>こ || ''ká''<br>か || ''aká''<br>あか<ref>Not to be confused with ''áka''(赤), meaning "red".</ref>
|-
! Plural
| ''kásu''<br>かす || ''akásu''<br>あかす
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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