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Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
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|}
|}


<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.'''
'''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.'''
</span>


===Spirantisation II===
===Spirantisation II===
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!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gaskêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gascêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|-
|-
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|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuklaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuclaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
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|}
|}


===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
Line 1,779: Line 1,780:
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə]
|-
|-
Line 1,792: Line 1,793:
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting pm sequences resulting from mm later undergo shift to tm during the Early Middle Valthungian period.
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting pm sequences resulting from mm later undergo shift to tm during [[#Changes_to_Geminate_Nasals_II|Changes to Geminate Nasals II]].
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
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| ]
| ]
|}
|}
|}
|}<!--===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
 
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
===Metathesis===
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Liquids are Degeminated
===Deletion of s after r===
|-
===s-Clusters Diffused===
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
|width=1050| Phonemic
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
|-
===Umlaut===
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
===Launch of Rhotacism===
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][-nas] → C[-son][-cnt]C '''</span><br />
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
''“The first consonant of a liquid geminate becomes a voiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
|-
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
===Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]===
| ll → dl<br />rr → dr
 
|-
==Changes from [[Old Valthungian]] to [[Middle Valthungian]] (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)==
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
===Defenestration of Greek Fricatives===
| ''/dl/ comes to be realized as [dɮ]. Its exact articulation at the time of this rule is not clear, but is not subject to persistent [[#Spirantisation_II|Spirantisation II]], so not precisely [dl].''
===Changes to Geminate Nasals II===
|-
===Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops===
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
===Rhotacism Failure===
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to fall’
!width=150| ‘far from’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallaną''<br />[fallaną]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferrai''<br />[ferrai̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skellaną''<br />[skellanã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fairra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fadlan ''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlɴ''<br />[fadln̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedrə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''scidlɴ''<br />[skɪdln̩]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fadlan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''skidlan''<br />[skidlan]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
-->
 
===Metathesis===
===Deletion of s after r===
===s-Clusters Diffused===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 711ᴀᴅ. Moors from North Africa invade Spain, pushing out the Visigoths.'''
</span>
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 768ᴀᴅ. Reign of Charlemagne begins.'''
</span>
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 793ᴀᴅ. Vikings destroy the church at Lindisfarne.'''
</span>
 
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
 
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
===Umlaut===
===Launch of Rhotacism===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 820ᴀᴅ. Vikings settle in Normandy.'''
</span>
 
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 860ᴀᴅ. Vikings discover Iceland.'''
</span>
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 866ᴀᴅ. Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great, captures London from the Danes.'''
</span>
 
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
===Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]===
 
==Changes from [[Old Valthungian]] to [[Middle Valthungian]] (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)==
===Defenestration of Greek Fricatives===
===Changes to Geminate Nasals II===
===Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops===
===Rhotacism Failure===
===j/z Merger===
===j/z Merger===


 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.'''
'''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.'''
</span>


===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
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