Kaikiwan: Difference between revisions

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** Hawaiian dialects

| script1 = Latn

| agency = OPKLC~~ (''unofficially'')~~

| agency = OPKLC

| minority = New Zealand Hawai'i

| notice = ipa

}}

'''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; Kaikiwan: [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i~~; the~~ youngest of these native speakers, 78-year-old ''Mániwamaé'', was born and raised in Oahu.

'''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; Kaikiwan: [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i. The youngest of these native speakers, 78-year-old ''Mániwamaé'', was born and raised in Oahu.

Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000.

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===Consonants===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Bilabial/ Labial-velar !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal

! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial/ Labial-velar !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal

|-

! Plosive~~<ref>All plosives apart from /ʔ/ can be labialised.</ref>~~

! rowspan=2 | Plosive

| p || t || || k · g || ʔ

! pulmonic

| p || t || || k g || ʔ

|-

! ~~Nasal<ref>Only /m/ can be~~ labialised ~~in this case.</ref>~~

! labialised

| m || n || ~~(ɲ)~~ || ~~colspan=2~~ |

| pʷ || tʷ || || kʷ gʷ ||

|-

! ~~Fricative~~

! colspan=2 | Nasal

| || s || ~~colspan=3~~ |

| m || n || (ɲ) || ||

|-

! ~~Approximant/ ~~Lateral Approximant

! colspan=2 | Fricative

| w || || ʎ || ~~colspan=2~~ |

| || s || || ||

|-

! colspan=2 | (Lateral) Approximant

| w || || ʎ || ||

|}

The glottal stop is represented by two glyphs: in initial position, the glyph ⟨t⟩ is used, where as in any other positions, the ⟨‘⟩(''ókina''), derived from Hawaiian orthography, is used.

====Nasal palatalisation====

When /n/ is followed by /i~~/ or /a~~/, it palatalises and becomes [ɲ]. ~~The only exception to this rule is ''‘na'', which is a particle that roughly translates to "as" or "in the same way". ''‘na'' is pronounced [na].~~

When /n/ is followed by /i/, it palatalises and becomes [ɲ].

===Vowels===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

~~! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | Short !! colspan=3 | Long~~

|-

! ~~Front !! Central !! Back~~ !! Front !! Central !! Back

! !! Front !! Central !! Back

|-

! Close

| i || ɨ || u~~<ref>Substitution for /ɤ/ at the end of a syllable.</ref> || iː || ɨː ||~~

| i iː || ɨ ɨː || u

|-

! Close-mid

| colspan=2 | || ɤ · o ~~|| colspan=2 | || ɤː<ref>Elongated /uː/ does not exist, even at the end of syllables.</ref> ·~~ oː

| colspan=2 | || ɤ ɤː · o oː

|-

! Open

| a || ~~(ä)<ref>Substitution for /~~a~~/, mostly used by L2 speakers who are not familiar with native phonetics.</ref> || ||~~ aː ~~|| colspan=2 |~~

| || a aː

|}

===Prosody===

====Intonation====

Kaikiwan uses intonation to quite an extent in morphology, though it is rarely found in grammar(e.g. particles, noun declension suffixes, verb conjugations) and even less in loanwords from Polynesian languages or more recently, English or Japanese.

The language has two types of tones: '''~~rising~~''' and '''~~falling~~''', and they are only used on independent vowels and diphthong-initial vowels e.g. /a/ → /á/ and /ai/ → /ái/.

The language has two types of tones: '''high''' and '''low''', and they are only used on independent vowels and diphthong-initial vowels e.g. /a/ → /á/ and /ai/ → /ái/.

There is some historical evidence that Kaikiwan may at one point had tone on nasal consonants, especially /m/, though modern Kaikiwan only uses tone on consonants for ideophones, like in English "hmm?".

Kaikiwan intonation is technically phonemic, meaning semantics can change based on tone pronunciation alone, though in practice very few words distinguish between themselves solely on tone. A commonly used example of this in the language itself would be the word for the islands of Hawai'i, ''húwui'', and the word for "salmon", ''hùwui'', although ''hùwui'' is an archaic term, and most modern speakers prefer the term ''sámo'', based on the English term.

===Phonotactics===

Kaikiwan has a (C)V(V)(C) syllable structure.

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===Nouns===

====Collective nouns====

For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns|~~§Collective~~ nouns]]''.

For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns|Nouns § Collective nouns]]''.

In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun.

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! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun

|- class=small

! 5+ !! ~~10+~~

! Quintuple !! Decuple<ref>Idk man</ref>

|-

| ''tona'' "person" || ''iku'' "group" || ''mwéké'' "army"

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| ''òpan'' "tree" || ''okámwe'' "grove" || ''sikiwa'' "forest"

|}

===Determiners===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

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===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

Kaikiwan has five personal pronouns, divided into two categories: ~~inclusive~~ and ~~exclusive~~.

Kaikiwan has five personal pronouns, divided into two categories: singular and plural.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! Person !! Singular !! Plural

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|-

! Conditional

| ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || ''~~lāka‘l~~'' || ''ki‘lā'' || ''ki‘lāi''

| ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || ''lāka‘i'' || ''ki‘lā'' || ''ki‘lāi''

|}

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====Sentence phrase====

: ''Sáwa-na imol ~~lampa~~ ìn sa‘āk po-na sakani, igo tike po-na loda.''

: ''Sáwa-na imol lámpa-tó ìn sa‘āk po-na sakani, igo tike po-na loda-ō.''

: 2.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|gen}} word lamp.{{sc|sg}} is.3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|prs}} for 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} foot.{{sc|pl}}, light.{{sc|sg}} on 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} path.{{sc|sg}}.

: 2.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|gen}} word lamp.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|abs}}.{{sc|ht}} is.3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|prs}} for 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} foot.{{sc|pl}}, light.{{sc|sg}} on 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} path.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|dat}}.

: Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path.

:: ''(Psalm 119:105)''

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''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''

====In Kaikiwan====

'''9''' ''~~Wá kelo-ō~~, ~~itana sáwa-ō~~: tèo-na Pa‘pā tona itani-ō ìn, sáwa-na nā‘ma ā‘itana.''

'''9''' ''‘Na wá kwelo, i‘itana sákona: tèo-na Pa‘pā tona itani-ō ìn, sáwa-na nā‘ma ā‘itana.''

'''10''' ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. I‘an ‘na itela-ō ‘na itani.''

'''11''' ''Yaká wá ito tèo-ō tèo-na iki‘i pán.''

'''12''' ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na ~~isikiti~~, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na ~~isikitonai~~.''

'''12''' ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikitwi, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitwonai.''

'''13''' ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ~~ni‘ipig~~-na ~~kawéka~~ tèo~~. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò~~. Āmen.''

'''13''' ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipwigi-na kwéka tèo. Āmen.''

====In English====

'''9''' ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''

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'''11''' ''Give us this day our daily bread.''

'''12''' ''And forgive our debts, as we forgive our debtors.''

'''13''' ''And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil~~. For you is the Kingdom, and the power and the glory always~~. Amen~~.''~~

'''13''' ''And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.''

~~===Seventh Linguifex Relay===~~

~~: ''This language is participating in the '''[[Seventh Linguifex Relay#Seats|Seventh Linguifex Relay]]'''. As such, this section will be updated once the relay begins~~.''

==Other resources==

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ** Hawaiian dialects
 | script1 = Latn
-| agency = OPKLC<br>(''unofficially'')
+| agency = OPKLC
 | minority = New Zealand<br>Hawai'i
 | notice = ipa
 }}
-'''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i; the youngest of these native speakers, 78-year-old ''Mániwamaé'', was born and raised in Oahu.
+'''Kaikiwan'''(''túlelù káikwi''; <small>Kaikiwan:</small> [[IPA for Kaikiwan|<nowiki>[ʔɤ́ʎɨ̯ʎù kái.kʷi]</nowiki>]]) is a Kaikiwi–Tol-Sun language spoken natively on the island of Kaikiwi. It is a critically endangered language with a native speaker population of around 10 at the highest estimates. Very few native Kaikiwans still inhabit Kaikiwi Island; instead, the vast majority of said native speakers live in New Zealand or Hawai'i. The youngest of these native speakers, 78-year-old ''Mániwamaé'', was born and raised in Oahu.
 Although there are not many remaining native speakers of the language, the L2(second-language) community is thriving. Thousands of non-native Kaikiwan speakers live in New Zealand, Hawai'i and Japan, with even the most conservative estimates putting the number of L2 speakers at around 6,000, with the most optimistic estimates putting it as high as 10,000.
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 ===Consonants===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! !! Bilabial/<br>Labial-velar !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
+! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial/<br>Labial-velar !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
 |-
-! Plosive<ref>All plosives apart from /ʔ/ can be labialised.</ref>
+! rowspan=2 | Plosive
-| p || t || || k · g || ʔ
+! pulmonic
+| p || t || || k g || ʔ
 |-
-! Nasal<ref>Only /m/ can be labialised in this case.</ref>
+! labialised
-| m || n || (ɲ) || colspan=2 |
+| pʷ || tʷ || || kʷ gʷ ||
 |-
-! Fricative
+! colspan=2 | Nasal
-| || s || colspan=3 |
+| m || n || (ɲ) || ||
 |-
-! Approximant/<br>Lateral Approximant
+! colspan=2 | Fricative
-| w || || ʎ || colspan=2 |
+| || s || || ||
+|-
+! colspan=2 | (Lateral) Approximant
+| w || || ʎ || ||
 |}
 The glottal stop is represented by two glyphs: in initial position, the glyph ⟨t⟩ is used, where as in any other positions, the ⟨‘⟩(''ókina''), derived from Hawaiian orthography, is used.
 ====Nasal palatalisation====
-When /n/ is followed by /i/ or /a/, it palatalises and becomes [ɲ]. The only exception to this rule is ''‘na'', which is a particle that roughly translates to "as" or "in the same way". ''‘na'' is pronounced [na].
+When /n/ is followed by /i/, it palatalises and becomes [ɲ].
 ===Vowels===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | Short !! colspan=3 | Long
 |-
-! Front !! Central !! Back !! Front !! Central !! Back
+! !! Front !! Central !! Back
 |-
 ! Close
-| i || ɨ || u<ref>Substitution for /ɤ/ at the end of a syllable.</ref> || iː || ɨː ||
+| i iː || ɨ ɨː || u
 |-
 ! Close-mid
-| colspan=2 | || ɤ · o || colspan=2 | || ɤː<ref>Elongated /uː/ does not exist, even at the end of syllables.</ref> · oː
+| colspan=2 | || ɤ ɤː · o oː
 |-
 ! Open
-| a || (ä)<ref>Substitution for /a/, mostly used by L2 speakers who are not familiar with native phonetics.</ref> || || aː || colspan=2 |
+| || a aː
 |}
 ===Prosody===
 ====Intonation====
 Kaikiwan uses intonation to quite an extent in morphology, though it is rarely found in grammar(e.g. particles, noun declension suffixes, verb conjugations) and even less in loanwords from Polynesian languages or more recently, English or Japanese.
-The language has two types of tones: '''rising''' and '''falling''', and they are only used on independent vowels and diphthong-initial vowels e.g. /a/ → /á/ and /ai/ → /ái/.
+The language has two types of tones: '''high''' and '''low''', and they are only used on independent vowels and diphthong-initial vowels e.g. /a/ → /á/ and /ai/ → /ái/.
 There is some historical evidence that Kaikiwan may at one point had tone on nasal consonants, especially /m/, though modern Kaikiwan only uses tone on consonants for ideophones, like in English "hmm?".
 Kaikiwan intonation is technically phonemic, meaning semantics can change based on tone pronunciation alone, though in practice very few words distinguish between themselves solely on tone. A commonly used example of this in the language itself would be the word for the islands of Hawai'i, ''húwui'', and the word for "salmon", ''hùwui'', although ''hùwui'' is an archaic term, and most modern speakers prefer the term ''sámo'', based on the English term.
 ===Phonotactics===
 Kaikiwan has a (C)V(V)(C) syllable structure.
@@ Line 127: / Line 133: @@
 ===Nouns===
 ====Collective nouns====
-<small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns|§Collective nouns]]''.</small><br>
+<small>For a full list, see ''[[Kaikiwan/Collective nouns|Nouns § Collective nouns]]''.</small><br>
 In English, collective nouns are used to indicate mainly groups of animals, like "a ''murder'' of crows" or "a ''rafter'' of turkeys". In Kaikiwan, there are collective nouns for almost all non-abstract nouns, and different collective nouns are used based on the number of said noun.
@@ Line 140: / Line 146: @@
 ! rowspan=2 | Noun !! colspan=2 | Collective noun
 |- class=small
-! 5+ !! 10+
+! Quintuple !! Decuple<ref>Idk man</ref>
 |-
 | ''tona''<br>"person" || ''iku''<br>"group" || ''mwéké''<br>"army"
@@ Line 148: / Line 154: @@
 | ''òpan''<br>"tree" || ''okámwe''<br>"grove" || ''sikiwa''<br>"forest"
 |}
 ===Determiners===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 160: / Line 167: @@
 ===Pronouns===
 ====Personal pronouns====
-Kaikiwan has five personal pronouns, divided into two categories: inclusive and exclusive.
+Kaikiwan has five personal pronouns, divided into two categories: singular and plural.
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
 ! Person !! Singular !! Plural
@@ Line 274: / Line 281: @@
 |-
 ! Conditional
-| ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || ''lāka‘l'' || ''ki‘lā'' || ''ki‘lāi''
+| ''lak'' || ''laki'' || ''lāk'' || ''lāka‘i'' || ''ki‘lā'' || ''ki‘lāi''
 |}
@@ Line 283: / Line 290: @@
 ====Sentence phrase====
-: ''Sáwa-na imol lampa ìn sa‘āk po-na sakani, igo tike po-na loda.''
+: ''Sáwa-na imol lámpa-tó ìn sa‘āk po-na sakani, igo tike po-na loda-ō.''
-: 2.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|gen}} word lamp.{{sc|sg}} is.3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|prs}} for 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} foot.{{sc|pl}}, light.{{sc|sg}} on 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} path.{{sc|sg}}.
+: 2.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|gen}} word lamp.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|abs}}.{{sc|ht}} is.3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|prs}} for 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} foot.{{sc|pl}}, light.{{sc|sg}} on 1.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|gen}} path.{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|dat}}.
 : Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path.
 :: ''(Psalm 119:105)''
@@ Line 293: / Line 300: @@
 <small>''Based on the '''[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+6%3A9-13&version=KJ21 21st Century King James Version]'''.''</small>
 ====In Kaikiwan====
-<small>'''9'''</small> ''Wá kelo-ō, itana sáwa-ō: tèo-na Pa‘pā<br>tona itani-ō ìn, sáwa-na nā‘ma ā‘itana.''<br><br>
+<small>'''9'''</small> ''‘Na wá kwelo, i‘itana sákona: tèo-na Pa‘pā<br>tona itani-ō ìn, sáwa-na nā‘ma ā‘itana.''<br><br>
 <small>'''10'''</small> ''Sáwa-na imuwiká wá ena‘a. I‘an<br>‘na itela-ō ‘na itani.''
 <br><br>
 <small>'''11'''</small> ''Yaká wá ito tèo-ō tèo-na iki‘i pán.''<br><br>
-<small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikiti, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitonai.''<br><br>
+<small>'''12'''</small> ''Waka nati‘ka tèo-na isikitwi, ‘na tèo nati‘ka tèo-na isikitwonai.''<br><br>
-<small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipig-na kawéka tèo. Sa‘āk sáwa ìn imuwiká, waka kitik kao ka‘pá‘ā igini‘pò. Āmen.''
+<small>'''13'''</small> ''Waka īpi imu‘kea tèo kùkù-tò, kài ni‘ipwigi-na kwéka tèo. Āmen.''
 ====In English====
 <small>'''9'''</small> ''In this way, you shall pray: Our Father<br>who is in Heaven, blessed be your name.''<br><br>
@@ Line 304: / Line 312: @@
 <small>'''11'''</small> ''Give us this day our daily bread.''<br><br>
 <small>'''12'''</small> ''And forgive our debts, as we forgive our debtors.''<br><br>
-<small>'''13'''</small> ''And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For you is the Kingdom, and the power and the glory always. Amen.''
+<small>'''13'''</small> ''And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.''
-===Seventh Linguifex Relay===
-: ''This language is participating in the '''[[Seventh Linguifex Relay#Seats|Seventh Linguifex Relay]]'''. As such, this section will be updated once the relay begins.''
 ==Other resources==