Avendonian: Difference between revisions
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The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | ||
* The letters | * The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/. | ||
* | * '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound [{{IPA|t͡s}}]. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' [{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}]. | ||
* The combination | * The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/. | ||
* | * '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially represents the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}''' /{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/. | ||
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] | * The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}''' /{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/. | ||
* The digraph | * The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
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| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
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Notes: | Notes: | ||
* As stated in [[#Orthography|§Orthography]], /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ | * As stated in [[#Orthography|§Orthography]], earlier /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ have palatalized to /{{IPA|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA|i, e}}/. | ||
* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}''' | * When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}''' [{{IPA|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}], '''{{term|perstelitio}}''' [{{IPA|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}]. | ||
* [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech. | * [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech. | ||
* [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}''' | * [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}''' [{{IPA|driŋˈkare}}], '''{{term|anguste}}''' [{{IPA|aŋˈguste}}], Low Burgundian '''{{term|clang}}''' [{{IPA|klaŋg}}] (standard '''{{term|clango}}'''). | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable. | Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable. | ||
: '''{{term|spraca}}''' ({{sc|spra}}‑ca) | : '''{{term|spraca}}''' ({{sc|spra}}‑ca) [{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}], '''{{term|ordo}}''' ({{sc|or}}‑do) [{{IPA|ˈor.do}}], '''{{term|bucaria}}''' (bu‑{{sc|ca}}‑ria) [{{IPA|buˈka.ri̯a}}], etc. | ||
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns: | Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns: | ||
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', | : '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', [{{IPA|elˈpa.re‿te}}] and not [{{IPA|el.paˈre‿te}}] | ||
Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress): | Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress): | ||
: '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}''' | : '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}''' [{{IPA|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}], '''{{term|surstopitio}}''' [{{IPA|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}] | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;" | {| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;" | ||
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | | rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width: | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”) | |+ class="nowrap" | weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”) | ||
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  |   | ||
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width: | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”) | |+ class="nowrap" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”) | ||
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* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''. | * The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''. | ||
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix. | * Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix. | ||
* If the thematic vowel is | * If the thematic vowel is '''-a-''', then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is '''-e-''', and vice versa. | ||
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''. | * The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''. | ||
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms. | * Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms. | ||
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====Irregular verbs==== | ====Irregular verbs==== | ||
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof. | Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof. | ||
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses | In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses '''-v-''' instead of the expected '''-u-''': '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc. | ||
'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc. | '''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc. | ||
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Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given. | Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" | ||
|- | |-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold" | ||
| colspan="2" | tense || colspan="6" | forms || etymology | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | infinitive | ! colspan="2" | infinitive | ||
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===Burgundian dialects=== | ===Burgundian dialects=== | ||
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave | Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave '''u''', '''i''' elsewhere, became '''uo''', '''ie''' in the Burgundian dialects – for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of '''y''' /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}'''). | ||
The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/. | The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/. | ||
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{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{ | : '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{l|gem-pro|*galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz}} → {{IPA|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{ | : '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{l|gem-pro|*stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz}} → {{IPA|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}} | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: '''{{term|uvilo#Adjective|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{ | : '''{{term|uvilo#Adjective|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{l|gem-pro|*ubilaz}} → {{IPA|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{ | : '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{l|gem-pro|*fadēr}} → {{IPA|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}} | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian. | This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian. | ||
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===Lord's Prayer=== | ===Lord's Prayer=== | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin|40%}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
<poem> | |||
Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo, | |||
elageto si el name tede; | |||
el cuningricio tede cume, | |||
Si dueto el vile tede | |||
en la Erda ca bi en el Celo. | |||
Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde, | |||
e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde, | |||
ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos; | |||
e ne lede-nos en la persucitio, | |||
sed defriie nos d'el uvilo. | |||
Amen. | |||
</poem> | |||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
< | <poem style="font-style: italic"> | ||
Our Father, who art in heaven, | |||
hallowed be thy name; | |||
thy kingdom come, | |||
thy will be done | |||
on earth as it is in heaven. | |||
Give us this day our daily bread, | |||
and forgive us our sins, | |||
as we forgive those who sin against us; | |||
and lead us not into temptation, | |||
but deliver us from evil. | |||
Amen. | |||
</ | </poem> | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||