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Bretonese: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "==Bretonese== {{Private}} {{Infobox language |name = Bretonese |nativename = breçoneix |pronunciation = breˈθoneʃ |creator = Tardigrade |states = Spain, Portugal |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2= Celtic |fam3= Insular Celtic |fam4= Brythonic |ancestor= Common Brythonic |script1 = Latn }} Bretonese '''breçoneix''' {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts..."
 
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==Bretonese==
{{Private}}
{{Private}}


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Bretonese '''breçoneix''' {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Bretonese (''breçoneix'') {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias and in northern Portugal. It is spoken by 30% of the population in these areas. Of these, 75% are in Spain and the remainder in Portugal and in diaspora communities.


==Phonology and Orthography==
==Phonology and Orthography==
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===Vowels & Diphthongs===
===Vowels & Diphthongs===
Bretonesecan be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:  
The monophthongs are represented by the following inventory:
# the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
# the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
# the diphthongs


The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
{|class="wikitable"
 
!|
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! style="width: 90px; "|
! scope="col" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! style="width: 60px; " |Front
! scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
! style="width: 60px; " |Central
|- align=center
! style="width: 60px; " |Back
! scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
|-
| /i/ 〈i, í〉
! style="" |Close
|
| iː     
| /u/ 〈u, ú〉
|      ʉ(ː)
|- align=center
|      u(ː)
! scope="row" | [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|-
| /e/ 〈e, é〉
! style="" |Near-close
| ɪ      
|
|       ʊ
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| eː     
|
|      oː
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| ə
|
|
|-
| /o/ 〈o, ó〉
! style="" |Open-mid
|- align=center
| ɛ     
! scope="row" | [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| /ɛ/ 〈e, è〉
|  
|  
| ʌ    ɔ(ː)
| /ɔ/ 〈o, ò〉
|-
|- align=center
! style="" |Near-open
! scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a(ː)     
|  
|  
| /a/ 〈a, á〉
|  
|  
|}
|}
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===Sound Changes===
===Sound Changes===
====Consonant Mutations====
====Consonant Mutations====
As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:truinel|truinel]]'').
As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:troinel|troinel]]'').


The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
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|-
|-
| ''p'' /p/
| ''p'' /p/
| colspan=2 | ''b'' /b/
|
| ''b'' /b/
| ''f'' /f/
| ''f'' /f/
|-
|-
| ''t'' /t/
| ''t'' /t/
| colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/
|
| ''d'' /d/
| ''ç'' /θ/
| ''ç'' /θ/
|-
|-
| ''c'' /k/
| ''c, qu'' /k/
| colspan=2 | ''g'' /g/
|
| ''g, gu'' /g/
| ''h'' /x/
| ''h'' /x/
|-
|-
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/
| colspan=2 | ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
|
| ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''x'' /ʃ/
| ''x'' /ʃ/
|-
|-
| ''b'' /b/
| ''b'' /b/
| ''m'' /m/
| ''m'' /m/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
| ''v'' /v/
|
|-
|-
| ''d'' /d/
| ''d'' /d/
| ''n'' /n/
| ''n'' /n/
| colspan=2 | ∅
| ∅
|
|-
| ''z'' /z/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| ''y'' /j/
|
|-
|-
| ''g'' /ɡ/
| ''g, gu'' /ɡ/
| ''ng'' /ŋ/
| ''ng, ngu'' /ŋ/
| colspan=2 | ∅
| ∅
|
|-
|-
| ''gu'' /ɡw/
| ''gu, gü'' /ɡw/
| ''ng'' /ŋw/
| ''ngu, ngü'' /ŋw/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
| ''v'' /v/
|
|-
|-
| ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| colspan=2 | ''y'' /j/
| ''y'' /j/
|
|-
|-
| ''y'' /j/
| ''f'' /f/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
|
| colspan=2 |
| ∅
|
|-
|-
| ''ll'' /ʎ/
| ''ll'' /ʎ/
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Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband".
Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband".
Lenited ''d'' becomes ''y'' before words in ''de-, di-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:dey|dey]]'' "day" → ''i yey'' "his day", ''[[Contionary:dill|dill]]'' "method, way" → ''i yill'' "his method".


Examples:
Examples:
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''do Varselen'' "to Barcelona".  
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''de Varselen'' "to Barcelona".  
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats".
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats".
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona"
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona"
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Celtic languages]]
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