Glommish: Difference between revisions

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|name = {{PAGENAME}}

|image =

|setting = [[Verse:~~Lõis~~]]

|setting = [[Verse:Jarthe]]

|nativename = the glómsьk

|pronunciation = /~~θˠə~~ ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/

|pronunciation = /t{{den}}{{asp}}ˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/

|region = North America; Brazil

|speakers = 90 million

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}}

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [~~θˠə~~ ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of ~~Southern~~ Italy ~~and Tunisia~~ but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in ~~Lõis~~ and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [t{{den}}{{asp}}ˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Italy but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Jarthe and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.

~~The majority of today's Glommish speakers are Muslim and also speak English, Portuguese, and Arabic. A minority practice forms of Christianity which were historically common in North Africa~~.

In-universe German name: ''Glommisch''

~~Arabic name: ''al-Ghulūmiyyah''~~

==TODO==

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==Orthography==

===Native script===

Glommish today uses ~~an alphabetic writing system inspired by~~ the ~~Arabic script, written from right to left but with a~~ Latin ~~aesthetic~~. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym.

Glommish today uses the Latin orthography used in this article. It was devised by linguist Andrie Hóchenhym.

There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation)~~. In North Africa, the most common writing system for Glommish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes~~.

There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation).

==Phonology (~~Traditional~~)==

== Phonology ==

==Phonology (Historical)==

{{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of Glommish.

===Consonants===

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* /t̪ʰ tʰʲ/ are somewhat breathy aspirated stops [t̪ʱ tʱʲ]. They are affricates or fricatives when word-final and not retroflexed.

*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ t̪ʰ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel.

* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops,

* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops: ''jung'' [jʊŋg] 'young', ''junżer'' [ˈjʊ{{adv}}nd͡ʒəɹˠ] 'younger'.

* In accents that distinguish it, soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'.

*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped.

*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ tʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ tʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped.

===Vowels===

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====Articles====

{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''the''. Due to historical Italian and Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English.

{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''an'' and the definite article ''the''. Due to historical Italian and Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English.

* ''Mir davienь thá amblen'' 'I like almonds (in general)'

* ''Ik ví amblen'' 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)'

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Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'servant', ''mage'' 'throat', ''óge'' 'eye', ''óre'' 'ear', ''szúe'' 'sky', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.]

Arabic nisba names and ~~some~~ Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like ''Elь-Ferábí, Elь-Ferábíenь'' 'Al-Farabi', ''Niare, Niarenь'' 'Nero', and ''~~Apóle~~, ~~Apólenь~~'' 'Apollo'. Feminine Latin and Greek -ō names use the feminine declension instead: ''Júne, Júne, Júner'' 'Juno'.

Arabic masculine nisba names and Latin and Greek masculine -ō names become n-stems, like ''Elь-Ferábí, Elь-Ferábíenь'' 'Al-Farabi', ''Niare, Niarenь'' 'Nero', and ''Apole, Apolenь'' 'Apollo'. Feminine Latin and Greek -ō names and feminine Arabic names use the feminine declension instead: ''Júne, Júne, Júner'' 'Juno', ''Safe, Safe, Safer'' 'Sappho', ''Elь-Ferábíe, Elь-Ferábíe, Elь-Ferábíer'' 'Al-Farabiyya'.

====Feminine nouns====

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Also: ''sviestier'' 'sister', ''duchtier'' 'daughter'.

{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"

! colspan="3" | ''kome'' (m.) 'comma'

|-

! style="width: 90px;" | Case

! style="width: 100px;" | Singular

! style="width: 100px;" | Plural

|-

! Nominative

| ''the kome'' || ''thá komen/komete''

|-

! Dative

| ''them komenь'' || ''thím komem/kometem''

|-

! Genitive

| ''thes komenь'' || ''thier komen/kometen''

|}

Also other nouns loaned from Greek ''-ma'' nouns.

===Adjectives===

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|}

Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' '~~compel~~'.

Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'to be urgent', ''thvingen, thviang, gethviungen'' 'to force'

=====Strong class 4=====

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|colspan="6"| ''gebiuren''

|}

Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak'

Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarden, viárd, geviurden'' 'to come about', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak'

=====Strong class 5=====

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|}

The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:

The present has regularized, and is less common than the past forms. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:

*''Fí durstie thú...'' = How dare you...

*''Ik durstь yncz erbaren thá anfer.'' = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.

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|-

! present

| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь''

| ''jém'', (colloquial) ''kiém'', (poetic) ''czém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь''

|-

! past

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{{PAGENAME}} word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German. German-style SOV is considered poetic.

:'''''Fanь ~~ik jém~~ már, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.'''''

:'''''Fanь kiém már, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.'''''

:''When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.''

:(German: Wenn ich groß bin, will ich Lehrerin werden.)

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In modern Glommish, phrasal verbs are always separated, except in derived agent and verbal nouns. Colloquial Glommish does so even in agent and verbal nouns derived with -erь and -eng, using the borrowed English construction ''VERB-erь/-eng PREP-erь/-eng'' (cf. English ''fixer-upper''). Only the second suffix takes declension inflection.

: '''''húżen út'''''

: '''''(ta) húżen út'''''

: 'to express'

: '''''úthúżeng'''''

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===Passive===

The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.

The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. These have the participles ''piumen'' or ''niumen'' when used as auxiliaries. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.

For example, ''The káke piám ~~jaten~~.'' or ''The káke niám ~~jaten~~.'' means 'The cake was eaten.'

For example, ''The káke piám gejaten.'' or ''The káke niám gejaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.'

Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized.

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====Progressive====

Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive.

* ''~~Ik jém~~ at jaten the apel.'' "I am eating the apple."

* ''Kiém at jaten the apel.'' "I'm eating the apple."

* ''The hund vaz at thróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him."

* ''~~Ik jém~~ thárat.'' "~~I'm doing it;~~ I'm on it."

* ''Kiém thárat.'' "I'm on it."

====Perfect====

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*''Já.'' = 'Yes.'

**''Já, thú mát / úr máteth.'' = 'Yes, you may.'

*''Ny.'' = 'No.'

*''Nié.'' = 'No.'

*''Ik spriake glómsьk yncz.'' = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.'

*''Mát ik ú thúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''thú'')?'

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=== Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) ===

''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, ~~vyt~~ ik ~~yncz~~; sá ~~bielióvvirczend~~ spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang ~~mir sik~~ yn út in návem:''

''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, niét ik; sá bielióvsam spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang út at mik yn in návem:''

=== Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) ===

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 |name = {{PAGENAME}}
 |image =
-|setting = [[Verse:Lõis]]
+|setting = [[Verse:Jarthe]]
 |nativename = the glómsьk
-|pronunciation = /θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/
+|pronunciation = /t{{den}}{{asp}}ˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/
 |region = North America; Brazil
 |speakers = 90 million
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 }}
-'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [θˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Southern Italy and Tunisia but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Lõis and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.
+'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [t{{den}}{{asp}}ˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Italy but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Jarthe and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.
-The majority of today's Glommish speakers are Muslim and also speak English, Portuguese, and Arabic. A minority practice forms of Christianity which were historically common in North Africa.
 In-universe German name: ''Glommisch''
-Arabic name: ''al-Ghulūmiyyah''
 ==TODO==
@@ Line 52: / Line 48: @@
 ==Orthography==
 ===Native script===
-Glommish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym.
+Glommish today uses the Latin orthography used in this article. It was devised by linguist Andrie Hóchenhym.
-There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for Glommish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes.
+There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation).
-==Phonology (Traditional)==
+== Phonology ==
+==Phonology (Historical)==
 {{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of Glommish.
 ===Consonants===
@@ Line 160: / Line 157: @@
 * /t̪ʰ tʰʲ/ are somewhat breathy aspirated stops [t̪ʱ tʱʲ]. They are affricates or fricatives when word-final and not retroflexed.
 *Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ t̪ʰ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel.
-* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops,
+* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops: ''jung'' [jʊŋg] 'young', ''junżer'' [ˈjʊ{{adv}}nd͡ʒəɹˠ] 'younger'.
 * In accents that distinguish it, soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'.
-*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped.
+*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ tʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ tʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped.
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 234: / Line 231: @@
 ====Articles====
-{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''the''. Due to historical Italian and Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English.
+{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''an'' and the definite article ''the''. Due to historical Italian and Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English.
 * ''Mir davienь thá amblen'' 'I like almonds (in general)'
 * ''Ik ví amblen'' 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)'
@@ Line 371: / Line 368: @@
 Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'servant', ''mage'' 'throat', ''óge'' 'eye', ''óre'' 'ear', ''szúe'' 'sky', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.]
-Arabic nisba names and some Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like ''Elь-Ferábí, Elь-Ferábíenь'' 'Al-Farabi', ''Niare, Niarenь'' 'Nero', and ''Apóle, Apólenь'' 'Apollo'. Feminine Latin and Greek -ō names use the feminine declension instead: ''Júne, Júne, Júner'' 'Juno'.
+Arabic masculine nisba names and Latin and Greek masculine -ō names become n-stems, like ''Elь-Ferábí, Elь-Ferábíenь'' 'Al-Farabi', ''Niare, Niarenь'' 'Nero', and ''Apole, Apolenь'' 'Apollo'. Feminine Latin and Greek -ō names and feminine Arabic names use the feminine declension instead: ''Júne, Júne, Júner'' 'Juno', ''Safe, Safe, Safer'' 'Sappho', ''Elь-Ferábíe, Elь-Ferábíe, Elь-Ferábíer'' 'Al-Farabiyya'.
 ====Feminine nouns====
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 Also: ''sviestier'' 'sister', ''duchtier'' 'daughter'.
+{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
+! colspan="3" | ''kome'' (m.) 'comma'
+|-
+! style="width: 90px;" | Case
+! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
+!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
+|-
+! Nominative
+| ''the kome'' || ''thá komen/komete''
+|-
+! Dative
+| ''them komenь'' || ''thím komem/kometem''
+|-
+! Genitive
+| ''thes komenь'' || ''thier komen/kometen''
+|}
+Also other nouns loaned from Greek ''-ma'' nouns.
 ===Adjectives===
@@ Line 914: / Line 929: @@
 |}
-Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'compel'.
+Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'to be urgent', ''thvingen, thviang, gethviungen'' 'to force'
 =====Strong class 4=====
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 |colspan="6"| ''gebiuren''
 |}
-Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak'
+Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarden, viárd, geviurden'' 'to come about', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak'
 =====Strong class 5=====
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 |}
-The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:
+The present has regularized, and is less common than the past forms. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:
 *''Fí durstie thú...'' = How dare you...
 *''Ik durstь yncz erbaren thá anfer.'' = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.
@@ Line 1,125: / Line 1,140: @@
 |-
 ! present
-| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь''
+| ''jém'', (colloquial) ''kiém'', (poetic) ''czém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь''
 |-
 ! past
@@ Line 1,200: / Line 1,215: @@
 {{PAGENAME}} word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German. German-style SOV is considered poetic.
-:'''''Fanь ik jém már, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.'''''
+:'''''Fanь kiém már, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.'''''
 :''When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.''
 :(German: Wenn ich groß bin, will ich Lehrerin werden.)
@@ Line 1,217: / Line 1,232: @@
 In modern Glommish, phrasal verbs are always separated, except in derived agent and verbal nouns. Colloquial Glommish does so even in agent and verbal nouns derived with -erь and -eng, using the borrowed English construction ''VERB-erь/-eng PREP-erь/-eng'' (cf. English ''fixer-upper''). Only the second suffix takes declension inflection.
-: '''''húżen út'''''
+: '''''(ta) húżen út'''''
 : 'to express'
 : '''''úthúżeng'''''
@@ Line 1,238: / Line 1,253: @@
 ===Passive===
-The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.
+The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. These have the participles ''piumen'' or ''niumen'' when used as auxiliaries. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.
-For example, ''The káke piám jaten.'' or ''The káke niám jaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.'
+For example, ''The káke piám gejaten.'' or ''The káke niám gejaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.'
 Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized.
@@ Line 1,260: / Line 1,275: @@
 ====Progressive====
 Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive.
-* ''Ik jém at jaten the apel.'' "I am eating the apple."
+* ''Kiém at jaten the apel.'' "I'm eating the apple."
 * ''The hund vaz at thróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him."
-* ''Ik jém thárat.'' "I'm doing it; I'm on it."
+* ''Kiém thárat.'' "I'm on it."
 ====Perfect====
@@ Line 1,463: / Line 1,478: @@
 *''Já.'' = 'Yes.'
 **''Já, thú mát / úr máteth.'' = 'Yes, you may.'
-*''Ny.'' = 'No.'
+*''Nié.'' = 'No.'
 *''Ik spriake glómsьk yncz.'' = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.'
 *''Mát ik ú thúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''thú'')?'
@@ Line 1,547: / Line 1,562: @@
 === Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) ===
-''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, vyt ik yncz; sá bielióvvirczend spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang mir sik yn út in návem:''
+''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, niét ik; sá bielióvsam spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang út at mik yn in návem:''
 === Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) ===