Linguifex

Anglecymrāeg: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Englecymrǣc was a naturalistic language spoken by a small group of Welsh Anglo-Saxons who spoke a language which stemmed from Old English and Old Welsh. This language arose when a faction of the Saxon settlers rebelled and eventually left their people to travel West across Britain to modern-day Wales. There they met a small group of Welsh-speaking people. The group of Saxons didn't try to conquer the Welsh since they were few in numbers and half-starved. Instead, they were welcomed and thus assimilated into the village. For a few hundred years they lived there, until with one thing and another the population dwindled and the village was abandoned, the remnants scattering in different directions. they were never heard from again, until the late 20th century, when a wooden chest with various documents were found in modern-day Wales, some in Old English or Anglocumeric. It contained several unknown literary works of fiction, and excerpts from Beowulf. While most were in Anglocumeric, the Beowulf excerpts were written in both, which helped to decipher the lost language.
Anglecymrāeg was a naturalistic language spoken by a small group of Welsh Anglo-Saxons who spoke a language which stemmed from Old English and Old Welsh. This language arose when a faction of the Saxon settlers rebelled and eventually left their people to travel West across Britain to modern-day Wales. There they met a small group of Welsh-speaking people. The group of Saxons didn't try to conquer the Welsh since they were few in numbers and half-starved. Instead, they were welcomed and thus assimilated into the village. For a few hundred years they lived there, until with one thing and another the population dwindled and the village was abandoned, the remnants scattering in different directions. they were never heard from again, until the late 20th century, when a wooden chest with various documents were found in modern-day Wales, some in Old English or Anglecymrāeg. It contained several unknown literary works of fiction, and excerpts from Beowulf. While most were in Anglecymrāeg, the Beowulf excerpts were written in both, which helped to decipher the lost language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


Much of the phonology of Englecymrǣc is speculative, but guesses can be made about how things sounded. It is assumed that many sounds merged to form a sort of compromise in order to "appease" both groups.
Much of the phonology of Anglecymrāeg is speculative, but guesses can be made about how things sounded. It is assumed that many sounds merged to form a sort of compromise in order to "appease" both groups.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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All vowels had a short and long variants ― the short being one mora and the long being something approximating 1.67 morae, not quite two ― except for /ə/, which is only short.
All vowels had a short and long variants ― the short being one mora and the long being something approximating 1.67 morae, not quite two ― except for /ə/, which is only short.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! rowspan=2|
! Front
! rowspan=2| Front
! Central
! rowspan=2| Central
!colspan=2| Back
! colspan=2| Back
|-
! <small>unrounded</small>
! <small>rounded</small>
|-
|-
! High
! High
Line 36: Line 39:
! Low
! Low
|æ &nbsp; æː
|æ &nbsp; æː
| colspan=4| a &nbsp; aː
| colspan=2| a &nbsp; aː
|-
|}
 
====Vowel changes====
 
Many of the phonemic vowel changes in Englecymrǣc are directly from Welsh, but a few formed on their own. Like Welsh, many of the changes that occurred are a result of a vowel being displaced from being the nucleus of the final syllable when a suffix is attached. This type of mutation is sometimes called ''centring''.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|+ centring mutation
! Final
! Non-final
! Example ''(in progress)''
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
 
The sounds surrounded by parentheses are allophones of the non-parenthesized phonemes.
In the merging of Old English and Old Welsh, a few changes occurred. Firstly, the Welsh /ɸ/ and /β/ were lost since the Germanic /f/ and /v/ proved easier phonetically to pronounce that thus favored over the former. Additionally, the Welsh /ŋ̊ʰ/ was lost altogether, while /m̥ʰ/ and /n̥ʰ/ changed in form to the affricates /ɧm/ and /ɧn/ respectively.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
! rowspan=2|  
! rowspan=2|  
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|}
|}


The sounds surrounded by parentheses are allophones of the non-parenthesized phonemes.
==Phonotactics==


====Consonant Changes====
===Consonant Changes===


Most, if not all consonant sound changes were of the allophonic variety.
Most, if not all consonant sound changes were of the allophonic variety.


* [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ when followed by a /g/ or /k/.
* [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ when followed by a /g/ or /k/.
* [v], [ð], and [z] are allophones of /f/, /θ/, and /s/ when occurring between low or mid vowels, when clustered with sonorants, or when word-finally. An exception is made if the grapheme is doubled, in which case no change occurs.
* [v], [ð], and [z] are allophones of /f/, /θ/, and /s/ when occurring post-vocalically or preceded by a voiced consonant or sonorant An exception is made if the grapheme is doubled, in which case no change occurs.
* [g] is an allophone of /ɣ/ when occurring word-initially or when preceded by /n/.
* [g] is an allophone of /ɣ/ when occurring word-initially or when preceded by /n/.
* [j] is also an allophone of /ɣ/ when occurring alone between to vowels or at the end of a syllable if the coda doesn't contain other phonemes. This is almost always marked as '''''ġ'''''.
* [j] is also an allophone of /ɣ/ when occurring alone between to vowels or at the end of a syllable if the coda doesn't contain other phonemes. This is almost always marked as '''''ġ'''''.
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* [ɬ] is an allophone of /l/ when preceded by a voiceless plosive /p/, /t/ or /k/.
* [ɬ] is an allophone of /l/ when preceded by a voiceless plosive /p/, /t/ or /k/.
* [ɸʷ] and [βʷ] are allophones of /w/ and /ʍ/ when occurring word initially.
* [ɸʷ] and [βʷ] are allophones of /w/ and /ʍ/ when occurring word initially.
===Vowel changes===
Many of the phonemic vowel changes in Anglecymrāeg are directly from Welsh, but a few formed on their own. Like Welsh, many of the changes that occurred are a result of a vowel being displaced from being the nucleus of the final syllable when a suffix is attached. This type of mutation is sometimes called ''centring''. When a vowel was displaced from the final syllable, it would change to a more central vowel sound, thus the front /i/ > central /ɨ/ or the back /u/ > central-back /ʊ/. This change does not occur if the syllable is stressed.
{|class="wikitable" style="width:350px"
|+ centring mutation
! Final
! Non-final
! Example ''(in progress)''
|-
| &nbsp; ''æ'' /æ/
| &nbsp; ''a'' /a/
|
|-
| &nbsp; ''i'' /i/
| &nbsp; ''y'' /ɨ/
|
|-
| &nbsp; ''e'' /e/
| &nbsp; ''e'' /ə/
|
|-
| &nbsp; ''u'' /u/
| &nbsp; ''w'' /ʊ/
|
|-
| &nbsp; ''w'' /ʊ/<br> &nbsp; ''y'' /ɨ/
| &nbsp; ''y'' /ə/
|
|-
|}
Another common feature of Germanic and Brittonic languages alike was the ''i-mutation''. This change occurs in words primarily that change plurality without the addition of a suffix. This change can occur regardless of stress.
{|class="wikitable" style="width:350px"
|+ i-mutation
! Non-mutated
! Mutated
! Example ''(in progress)''
|-
| &nbsp; a /a/<br> &nbsp; æ /æ/
| &nbsp; ea /eɨ/
|
|-
| &nbsp; e /e/<br> &nbsp; o /o/
| &nbsp; y /ɨ/
|
|-
| &nbsp; u /u/<br> &nbsp; y /ɨ/<br> &nbsp; w /ʊ/
| &nbsp; oe /oɨ/
|
|-
|}
===Onset===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px"
|+ Syllable-initial consonant clusters
! rowspan=2| First<br>consonant
! rowspan=2| Middle<br>consonant
! colspan=6| Last consonant
|-
! ―
! -m
! -n
! -r
! -l
! -w
|-
! rowspan=11| ―
! ―
!
| m
| n
| r
| l
| βʷ
|-
! -p-
| p
| rowspan=4 colspan=2| ―
| pr
| pɬ
| rowspan=2| ―
|-
! -b-
| b
| br
| bl
|-
! -t-
| t
| tr
| tɬ
| tw
|-
! -d-
| d
| dr
| dl
| dw
|-
! -k-
| k
| rowspan=2| ―
| ―
| kr
| kɬ
| kw
|-
! -ɣ-
| ɡ
| ɡn
| ɡr
| ɡl
| —
|-
! ʃ-
| ʃ
| colspan=2| ―
| ʃr
| colspan=2| ―
|-
! f-
| f
| ―
| fn
| fr
| fl
| ―
|-
! θ-
| θ
| colspan=2| ―
| θr
| ―
| θw
|-
! x-
| ɧ
| ɧm
| ɧn
| r̥
| ɬ
| ɸʷ
|-
! rowspan=4| s-
! ―
| s
| sm
| sn
| ―
| sl
| sw
|-
! -p-
| sp
| rowspan=3 colspan=2| ―
| spr
| spɬ
| ―
|-
! -t-
| st
| str
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| ―
|-
! -k-
| sk
| skr
|-
|}
===Coda===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Syllable-final consonant clusters
! rowspan=2| First<br>consonant
! colspan=12| Last consonant
|-
! ―
! -p
! -b
! -t
! -d
! -k
! -ɣ
! -f
! -θ
! -s
! -ʃ
! -x
|-
! ―
|
| p
| b
| t
| d
| k
| ɣ
| v
| ð
| z
| ʃ
| x
|-
! m-
| m
| mp
| mb
| colspan=4| ―
| mf
| mθ
| ms
| mʃ
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| ―
|-
! n-
| n
| colspan=2| ―
| nt
| nd
| ŋk
| ŋg
| nf
| nθ
| ns
| nʃ
|-
! l-
| l
| lp
| lb
| lt
| ld
| lk
| lɣ
| lf
| lθ
| ls
| lʃ
| lx
|-
! r-
| r
| rp
| rb
| rt
| rd
| rk
| ―
| rf
| rθ
| rs
| rʃ
| rx
|-
|}


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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| &nbsp; /aː/
| &nbsp; /aː/
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| '''''æ'''''
! '''''æ'''''
| &nbsp; /æ/
| &nbsp; /æ/
| When in an unstressed position.
|
|-
|-
| &nbsp; /eː/
! rowspan=2| '''''ǣ'''''
| colspan=2| When in a stressed position. The Germanic /æ/ was sometimes as misinterpreted as /eː/ by the Welsh, who disliked the sound, resulting in /æ/ > /eː/ when stressed. Stress and length were almost always related, denoted by a macron (¯).
| &nbsp; /æː/
| When as an unstressed syllable.
|-
|-
! '''''ǣ'''''
| &nbsp; /e/
| &nbsp; /æː/
| A unique change which arose after the merging of the Old English and Welsh, in which '''''ǣ''''' would change to /e/ when as the stressed syllable. It is guessed that they speakers simply didn't like annunciating the /æː/ when also stressed.
|-
|-
! '''''ae'''''
! '''''ae'''''
| &nbsp; /aɨ/
| &nbsp; /aɨ/
| colspan=2| Not to be confused with /æ/, which comes from Old English. The '''''ae''''' marking was borrowed from Old Welsh.
| rowspan=2| Not to be confused with /æ/, which comes from Old English. The '''''ae''''' marking was borrowed from Old Welsh.
|-
|-
! '''''āe'''''
! '''''āe'''''
| &nbsp; /aːɨ/
| &nbsp; /aːɨ/
|-
! '''''æg'''''
| rowspan=3| &nbsp; /æj/<br>&nbsp; /æʲ/
| Differentiation between soft and hard palatalization is extremely inconsistent. Usually, however, the soft palatalization was used only word-finally, and the hard palatalization was used everywhere else.
|-
! '''''aġ'''''
| This grapheme was the most commonly used, favored because of its marginal simplicity, but other graphemes are used occasionally.
|-
! '''''æġ'''''
| Very rarely used, mainly in older texts.
|-
|-
! '''''b'''''
! '''''b'''''
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| &nbsp; /k/
| &nbsp; /k/
|  
|  
|-
! '''''ch'''''
| &nbsp; /x/
| This marking of /x/ was favored over '''''h''''' in many circumstances because it referred to exactly one phoneme as opposed to three. It was always used word-initially to differentiate from /ɧ/. It was also used when /x/ changed to /h/ in particular circumstances.
|-
|-
! '''''cj'''''
! '''''cj'''''
| &nbsp; /tʃ/
| &nbsp; /tʃ/
| The exact morphophonological history of /tʃ/ is unknown, but it is guessed that it is related to the palatalization tat resulted in /ʃ/.
| The exact morphophonological history of /tʃ/ is unknown, but it is guessed that it is related to the palatalization that resulted in /ʃ/.
|-
|-
! '''''cw'''''
! '''''cw'''''
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! '''''ð'''''
! '''''ð'''''
| &nbsp; /ð/
| &nbsp; /ð/
|  
| Replaces '''''þ''''' when voiced and word-finally.
|-
! '''''ðð'''''
| &nbsp; /θ/
| The doubled /ð/ changes back to /θ/. This was a common feature in both Old Germanic and Brittonic languages.
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| '''''e'''''
! rowspan=2| '''''e'''''
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! rowspan=2| '''''f'''''
! rowspan=2| '''''f'''''
| &nbsp; /v/
| &nbsp; /v/
| When post-vocalically.
| When post-vocalically or proceeding a voiced consonant, unless proceeded by an unvoiced consonant.
|-
|-
| rowspan=2| &nbsp; /f/
| rowspan=2| &nbsp; /f/
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| &nbsp; /h/
| &nbsp; /h/
| Used specifically when preceded by a front or central vowel. Never used word-finally.
| Used specifically when preceded by a front or central vowel. Never used word-finally.
|-
! '''''hl'''''
| &nbsp; /ɬ/
|
|-
|-
! '''''hm'''''
! '''''hm'''''
| &nbsp; /ɧm/
| &nbsp; /ɧm/
| rowspan=2| The sound /ɧ/ was opted for over /x/ or /h/ when appearing before nasals due to the tendency for a word-initial '''''h''''' changing to /ɧ/, carrying over to the consonant cluster rule. Originally, the sounds which were replaced by the affricates beginning with /ɧ/ were unvoiced nasals or liquids, but surprisingly, these changes still occurred, even though both groups had had unvoiced liquids and nasals as a phonological feature. Subsequently, voiced sonorants were phased out of the language completely.
| rowspan=3| The sound /ɧ/ was opted for over /x/ or /h/ when appearing before nasals due to the tendency for a word-initial '''''h''''' changing to /ɧ/, carrying over to the consonant cluster rule. Originally, the sounds which were replaced by the affricates beginning with /ɧ/ were unvoiced nasals or liquids, but surprisingly, these changes still occurred, even though both groups had had unvoiced liquids and nasals as a phonological feature. Subsequently, voiced sonorants were phased out of the language completely.
|-
|-
! '''''hn'''''
! '''''hn'''''
| &nbsp; /ɧn/
| &nbsp; /ɧn/
|-
! '''''hl'''''
| &nbsp; /ɬ/
| rowspan=2| All of these are largely unchanged from Old English, as Welsh also had similar unvoiced sonorants.
|-
|-
! '''''hr'''''
! '''''hr'''''
| &nbsp; /r̥/
| &nbsp; /ɧr/
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| '''''hw'''''
! rowspan=2| '''''hw'''''
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| For ease of speaking, it is guessed that this was pronounced as a tap/flap in all places except word-initially, in which case it would be a trill.
| For ease of speaking, it is guessed that this was pronounced as a tap/flap in all places except word-initially, in which case it would be a trill.
|-
|-
! '''''s'''''
! rowspan=2| '''''s'''''
| &nbsp; /s/
| &nbsp; /s/
|
|
|-
| &nbsp; /z/
| When post-vocalically or proceeding a voiced consonant, unless proceeded by an unvoiced consonant.
|-
! '''''ss'''''
| &nbsp; /s/
| Only used when unvoiced and post-vocalically.
|-
|-
! '''''sj'''''
! '''''sj'''''
| &nbsp; /ʃ/
| &nbsp; /ʃ/
| A feature present in Old English, palatalization of /s/ led to the /ʃ/ sound. It is thought that at one point it was closer to /ç/ which changed to /ʃ/ over time.  
| A feature present in Old English, palatalization of /s/ led to the /ʃ/ sound. It is thought that at one point it was closer to /ç/ which changed to /ʃ/ over time.  
|-
! '''''sh'''''
| &nbsp; /ɧ/
| This was used only very rarely, and comes directly from the merging of /s/ and /x/.
|-
|-
! '''''t'''''
! '''''t'''''
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| &nbsp; /ð/
| &nbsp; /ð/
| When surrounded by a vowels or when directly following another voiced consonant or sonorant.
| When surrounded by a vowels or when directly following another voiced consonant or sonorant.
|-
! '''''þþ'''''
| &nbsp; /θ/
| When /θ/ is surrounded by vowels but unvoiced.
|-
|-
! '''''u'''''
! '''''u'''''
Line 415: Line 670:
|-
|-
| &nbsp; /w/
| &nbsp; /w/
| Medially and finally. The '''''w''''' only takes on a consonant value when occurring before another vowel.  
| Medially and finally. The '''''w''''' only takes on a consonant value when occurring before another vowel. This sound is also used if '''''w''''' appears between two vowels
|-
|-
| &nbsp; /βʷ/
| &nbsp; /βʷ/
Line 432: Line 687:
|}
|}


===Prosody===
==Morphology==
====Stress====
 
====Intonation====
===Articles and Demonstratives===
 
Like both Old Welsh and Old English, Anglecymrāeg has no indefinite article. While many grammatical forms are taken from Old English, articles differ in this respect, since they do not decline for grammatical case, and, like Welsh, differentiate proximal and distal modes.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=3|Singular !! rowspan=2|Plural
|-
! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter
|-
! Definite
| sȳ || sē || þet || þyr
|-
! Proximal
| þan || þwn || þyn || þyssā
|-
! Distal
| þa || þunu || þī || þynea
|}
 
===Nouns===
 
Nouns inflect for case, gender and number. Welsh did not have nouns case so the cases come largely from Old English, with some influence from corresponding prepositions. There were two numbers; singular and plural, and three genders; feminine, masculine and neuter.
 
Stem changes regarding number were heavily reliant on gender and case, and thus it is most productive to outline it only when in conjunction with gender and case.
 
The gender system experienced some change over the course of the language's lifespan, but nothing of particular weight. Initially, the neutral gender was reserved for all inanimate nouns, whereas semi-animate and animate nouns would be either male or female. Semi-animate nouns, such as plants or weather, would have ne inherent gender. For example, trees were considered feminine while fire was masculine. Often the qualities of a given semi-animate noun would determine its gender. Animate nouns have two distinct forms; masculine or feminine, depending on its biological sex. Later on, the neuter gender would occasionally be used for animate nouns, such as referring to a person in general without implying gender. The neuter gender would also find its way into use regarding semi-animate nouns, again when more general terms, such as a plant, were used.
 
Most animate feminine nouns would end in a vowel, but a few feminine nouns were considered to have a neuter aspect (fish being among these) and so would end in ''n'' resulting in the need for a new declension. Along with this was a less frequently used animate neuter which would always end in ''r''.
 
====Noun Declensions====


===Phonotactics===
There are four main declensions; two declensions for animate nouns, a declension for semi-animate nouns, and a declension for inanimate nouns. The parenthesized text denotes that the base form ({{smallcaps|nom}}, singular) ends with the given phoneme(s)/grapheme(s).


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px"
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ Syllable-initial consonant clusters
|+ First Animate Noun Declension
! rowspan=2| First<br>consonant
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| Middle<br>consonant
! colspan=2| Feminine
! colspan=6| Last consonant
! colspan=2| Masculine
|-
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| (vow.)
| ''-ny''
| (cons.)
| ''-as''
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| ''-t''
| ''-ty''
| rowspan=2| ''-e''
| ''-a''
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ''-n''
| ''-m''
| ''-am''
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| ''-s''
| ''-sy''
| ''-es''
| ''-o''
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
| ''-weþ''
| ''-weu''
| ''-wi''
| ''-wyþþ''
|}
 
The first animate declension was used much more than the second. For most animate nouns, gender was predetermined, which is why it only applies to masculine and feminine. As the name suggests, this was used for animate nouns such as people, animals etc.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ Second Animate Noun Declension
! rowspan=2|
! colspan=2| Feminine
! colspan=2| Neuter
|-
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| (n)
| ''-y''
| (r)
| ''-u''
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| rowspan=2| ''-e''
| ''-a''
| ''-e''
| ''-a''
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ''-em''
| ''-w''
| ''-um''
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| ''-eas''
| ''-ys''
| ''-es''
| ''-ou''
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
| ''-weþ''
| ''-weu''
| ''-wy''
| ''-wiu''
|-
|}
 
The second animate declension was the later used addition to the system for a minority of feminine nouns that ended with ''n'' instead of a vowel. For the most part, the endings are very similar to the primary feminine declensions, because they developed directly from said declensions to work more smoothly with a sonorant as the final phoneme. This declension is more specific, and the reason an animate neuter gender arose was due to the need when posed with such animate nouns that couldn't easily be assigned gender, such as ''(a) person''.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ Semi-animate Noun Declension
! rowspan=2|
! colspan=2| Neuter
! colspan=2| Feminine
! colspan=2| Masculine
|-
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| ''-ū''
| ''-us''
| (vow.)
| ''-ny''
| (cons.)
| ''-asu''
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| ''-ē''
| ''-es''
| ''-þ''
| ''-þy''
| rowspan=2| ''-eu''
| rowspan=2| ''-ew''
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ''-oe''
| ''-oes''
| ''-tw''
| ''-toe''
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| ''-ū''
| ''-ws''
| ''-ss''
| ''-ssy''
| ''-eo''
| ''-ef''
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
| ''-w''
| ''-wsu''
| ''-weþu''
| ''-weþū''
| ''-e''
| ''-we''
|}
 
The semi-animate declension was used for semi-animate nouns, which included all plants, along with fire, weather, and other things with inherent movement or life. Nouns with greater ferocity or life were often considered feminine or masculine, while more stationary or docile nouns would be neuter.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 200px; text-align: center"
|+ Inanimate Noun Declension
! rowspan=2|
! colspan=2| Neuter
|-
! <small>Singular</small>
! <small>Plural</small>
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| (son.)
| ''-ā''
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| ''-ae''
| ''-ǣ''
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ''-æ''
| ''-æs''
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| ''-of''
| ''-wff''
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
| ''-wy''
| ''-wī''
|-
|}
 
The final declension for inanimate nouns was used for things considered lifeless; tools, rocks, soil etc. While the individual components of the Earth were considered inanimate, the Earth herself was considered semi-animate and feminine. Certain nouns of this category did not add a suffix but rather underwent ''i-mutation''. This was also the declension used for anything non-physical such as an idea.
 
====Noun-forming Suffixes====
 
The suffixes "-yr" or "-ffī" change an infinitive verb to a noun.
 
===Pronouns===
 
====Personal Pronouns====
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px"
|+ Pronoun System
! rowspan=3|
! colspan=2| 1st Person
! colspan=2| 2nd Person
! colspan=6| 3rd Person
|-
! rowspan=2| singular
! rowspan=2| plural
! rowspan=2| singular
! rowspan=2| plural
! colspan=3| Singular
! rowspan=2| plural
|-
! <small>Feminine</small>
! <small>Masculine</small>
! <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| ''i''
| ''ni''
| ''þi''
| ''hwi''
| ''hēo''
| ''hēf''
| ''hī''
| ''wy''
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| rowspan=2| ''mi''
| rowspan=2| ''ūs''
| rowspan=2| ''þe''
| rowspan=2| ''wūs''
| ''hio''
| ''hīf''
| ''hīt''
| rowspan=2| ''wyt''
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ''hiu''
| ''hūn''
| ''hiut''
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| ''myn''
| ''uryn''
| ''þyn''
| ''þych''
| ''chyr''
|colspan=2| ''chys''
| ''hir''
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
| ''in''
| ''nīn''
| ''þūn''
| ''hwē''
| ''enu''
| ''ēn''
| ''wyn''
| ''wīun''
|}
 
====Interrogative Pronouns====
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:300px"
!
! Personal
! Objective
! Comparative
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| ''pū'' || ''peaþ'' || rowspan=3| ''pa''
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| rowspan=2| ''pwn'' || rowspan=2| ''chwn''
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| ''puīs'' || ''peass'' || ''pas''
|-
|-
! ―
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
! -m
| ''puþ'' || ''hweþ'' || ''pass''
! -n
|}
! -r
 
! -l
===Verbs===
! -w
 
====Tense====
 
There is no future tense, due to the fact that neither Old English nor Old Welsh had a separate future tense. However, the subjunctive mood in the present was often used to demonstrate a future aspect. Furthermore, the subjunctive in the past would often be used for present imperfect. In Old English there were strong and weak verbs, but in the merging of Welsh and English, the strong verbs were lost, leaving the weak verbs, which changed by adding a suffix.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px"
|+ Present Tense Conjugation of Regular Verbs
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|
|-
|-
! rowspan="11" | ―
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Imperative
! ―
|
| m
| n
| r
| l
| w
|-
|-
! -p-
! rowspan=2| 1st
| p
! Sing.
| rowspan=4 colspan=2| —
| ''-ef'' || ''-yt'' || ''-aþ''
| pr
| pl
| rowspan=2| —
|-
|-
! -b-
! Plur.
| b
| ''-wn'' || ''-om'' || ''-ūn''
| br
| bl
|-
|-
! -t-
! rowspan=2| 2nd
| t
! Sing.
| tr
| ''-yst'' || ''-ych'' || ''-''
| rowspan=2| —
| tw
|-
|-
! -d-
! Plur.
| d
| ''-ȳch'' || ''-och'' || ''-ūch''
| dr
| dw
|-
|-
! -k-
! rowspan=2| 3rd
| k
! Sing.
| rowspan=2| —
| ''-þþ'' || ''-o'' || ''-et''
| kn
| kr
| kl
| kw
|-
|-
! -ɣ-
! Plur.
| ɡ
| ''-ynt'' || ''-ont'' || ''-ent''
| ɡn
| ɡr
| ɡl
| —
|-
|-
! ʃ-
|}
| ʃ
 
| colspan=2| —
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px"
| ʃr
|+ Past Tense Conjugation of Regular Verbs
| colspan=2| —
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|  
|-
|-
! f-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Imperative
| f
| —
| fn
| fr
| fl
| —
|-
|-
! θ-
! rowspan=2| 1st
| θ
! Sing.
| colspan=2| —
| ''-um'' || ''-hu'' || ''-''
| θr
| —
| θw
|-
|-
! x-
! Plur.
| h
| ''-wm'' || ''-em || ''-wnu''
| ɧm
| ɧn
| r̥
| ɬ
| ʍ
|-
|-
! rowspan=4| s-
! rowspan=2| 2nd
! ―
! Sing.
| s
| ''-ust'' || ''-wch'' || ''-þu''
| sm
| sn
| —
| sl
| sw
|-
|-
! -p-
! Plur.
| sp
| ''-ste'' || ''-se || ''-ē''
| rowspan=3 colspan=2| —
| spr
| spl
| —
|-
|-
! -t-
! rowspan=2| 3rd
| st
! Sing.
| str
| ''-uþ'' || ''-ea'' || ''-wyn''
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| —
|-
|-
! -k-
! Plur.
| sk
| ''-ant'' || ''-īnt'' || ''-tū''
| {skr
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Morphophonology===
====Verbal Nouns====
 
Also called gerunds, verbal nouns are a concept taken from Welsh. Most verbal nouns end in ''-ī'' or ''-ll''.
 
===Descriptors===
 
Descriptors included both adjectives and adverbs. The only real difference is that while noun descriptors would decline for case, adverbs did not, using the only nominative or base form.
 
====Adjective-forming Suffixes====
 
Nouns can often be changed to adjectives by the suffix "-að", "-eþ" or, occasionally, "-(s)swd".


==Morphology==
====Declension====
===Nouns===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:320px; text-align: center"
|+ Descriptor Declension
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=3| Singular !! rowspan=2| Plural
|-
! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| ''-w'' || colspan=2| ''-'' || ''-yn''
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| rowspan=2| ''-wr'' || rowspan=2| ''-nu'' || ''-un'' || rowspan=3| ''-wne''
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ''-unu''
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| rowspan=2| ''-us'' || colspan=2| ''-es''
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
| ''-wu'' || ''-we'' || ''-ure''
|}


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
====Degree====


Anglecymrāeg has two degrees, comparative and superlative. Comparative is marked with ''-ry'' and ''-osþ'' or ''-esþ''. These come mainly from the Old English ''-ra'' and ''-ost''.


Adjectives
===Prepositions===
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
Anglecymrāeg prepositions are largely derived from Welsh, however, these are often closely related to Old English as well. Contrary to the Welsh influence, they are not conjugated and function the same regardless of person or case.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
 
===Noun phrase===
===Word Order===
===Verb phrase===
 
===Sentence phrase===
Like Old English, the word order follows a subject-verb-object order, but this is rather loose since the language also has noun case. Questions are phrased by switching the verb and subject, or in more loose word order, putting the verb before everything else. Note that the verb never comes first in a sentence unless asking a question.
===Dependent clauses===
 
<!-- etc. etc. -->
===Relative and Subordinate Clauses===
 
Like, Old English, relative clauses are formed almost exclusively by demonstratives sȳ, sē, and þet. Instead of saying "the cat ''who'' ran away," they would say, "the cat ''that'' ran away." Subordinate clauses are formed by correlative conjunctions. This was phrased as ''then... then'' or ''which... which''. They would say, "Then I arrived, then I fell asleep," instead of, "When I arrived, I fell asleep." Often the second part of a subordinate clause would b verb-final, although this was a rule often disregarded.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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[[Category:Englecymrǣc (Anglocumeric)]]
[[Category:Anglecymrāeg]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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