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User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
* Latin alphabet
}}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==


Line 14: Line 27:
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
'''Medial (μ)'''
'''Medial (μ)'''
* Medials re optional
* Medials are optional
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
Line 25: Line 39:
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
* Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally


===Stress===
===Stress===
Line 31: Line 46:
===Allophony===
===Allophony===
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
** [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>
:: [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>


* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
** [ðn] → [dn]
:: [ðn] → [dn]
** [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
:: [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
 
* A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
::[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>
 
* The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>


* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
**[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>


* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
**[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>
::[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>


* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
** [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>
:: [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>


* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
**[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>
::[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>


* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
**[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>
::[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>


* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
**[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>
::[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>


* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
**[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>
::[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>


* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
**[∅w] → [ʋ]
::[∅w] → [ʋ]
 
==Word Classes==


===Nouns===
===Ortography===
====Dependency Structure====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Determiner
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
| rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Quantifier
! colspan="2" | Romanization
! colspan="2" |Noun
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
| rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Case
| rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Adjective
| rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Genitive
|-
|-
|style="width:60px;" |Root
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
|style="width:60px;" |Number
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|k
|k
|/k/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
|r
|r
|/ɾ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
|o
|o
|/o/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|/a/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
|n
|n
|/n/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|/e/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
|s
|s
|/s/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
|D
|þ
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|/p/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|A
|ø
|/ɒ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|N
|ŋ
|/ŋ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|/i/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|/u/
|-  style="height:40px" |  
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
|g
|g
|/ɣ/
|}
|}


====Number====
==Verbs==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
!Number
===Phonotactic restrictions===
!Suffix
 
!Example
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:
!Use
 
*<code>-a</code>
*<code>-an</code>
===Dependency structure===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adverb
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Tense
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Modifier
! colspan="2" | Verb
|-
|-
|Singular
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect
|
|Single instance of a count and mass nouns (pen, water)
|-
|Singulative
|
|
|Single unit from a mass noun (a drop of water)
|-
|Plurative
|
|
|Multiple instances of count and mass nouns (pens, waters)
|}
|}


====Case====
===Modifier===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
!Case
A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.
!Particle
:{{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Nominative (agent)|nom|sc}} {{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Genitive|gen|sc}} home.{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}} from walk.{{abbtip|Imperfective|impv|sc}} → "I'm walking from my home"
!Example
 
!Use
===Tense===
 
Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.
 
===Aspect===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
! Description
|-
|-
|Nominative
|'''Gnomic'''
|
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
|
|  
|Agent of transitive verbs and active subject of intransitive verbs
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|-
|Absolutive
|'''Perfective'''
|
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|
|  
|Object of transitive verbs and passive subject of intransitive verbs
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|-
|-
|Dative
|'''Imperfective'''
|
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
|
| -∅
|Indirect object of a verb
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|-
|Genitive
|'''Ingressive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|
|  
|Indicates rossession, relation or reference
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|-
|Locative
|'''Pausative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|
|  
|Place or time of the action
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|-
|Instrumental
|'''Resumptive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|
|  
|Indicates a tool or associate with which the action is performed
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|-
|'''Egressive'''
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Mood===
 
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
 
==Nouns==
 
===Phonotactic restrictions===
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
 
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>
 
===Noun classes===
 
'''Gender'''
*Masculine
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
*Feminine
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
*Neuter
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>
 
'''Strength'''
*Weak
*:The word ends in a vowel
*Strong
*:The word ends in a consonant
 
===Dependency structure===


====Dependency Structure====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Adverb of manner
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Genitive
| colspan="3" | Verbal phrase
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Determiner
| rowspan="2" style="width:90px;" |Adverb of time
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Quantifier
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adjective
! colspan="3" | Noun
|-
|-
|style="width:90px;" |Derivative preposition
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|style="width:90px;" |Aspectual preposition
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case
!style="width:90px;" |Verb
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number
|}
|}


====Aspects====
===Case===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="4" | Internal aspects
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
!colspan="3"|Declension
!rowspan="2"|Description
|-
|-
!Aspect
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
!Preposition
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
!Use
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
!English equivalent
|-
|-
|Perfective
| '''Nominative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
|Action without temporal structure
|
|He eats 
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
|-
|-
|Progressive
| '''Absolutive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
|Action described as ongoing
|
|He is eating 
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
|-
|Ingressive
| '''Dative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|Beginning of an action
|
|He started his meal 
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
|Egressive
| '''Genitive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|End of an action
|
|He finished his meal 
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
|-
|Pausative
| '''Locative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|Pausing or stopping of an action
|
|He stopped eating 
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
|-
|Resumptive
| '''Instrumental'''
|
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|Continuation of an unfinished action
|  
|He continued eating 
|  
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|}
 
===Number===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
! Suffix
! style="width:200px" | Description
! style="width:100px" | English
|-
|-
|Protractive
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
|
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
|Repetition of the internal action
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
|He eats on and on  
| style="text-align:left;" | Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
|-
|-
|Iterative
| '''Plural'''
|
|  
|Repetition of a whole action
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
|He eats again and again 
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
|-
|-
|Completive
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
|
| '''Singulative'''
|Performing an action completely
|  
|He ate his entire meal  
| style="text-align:left;" | Single unit of the instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
|-
|-
|Incompletive
| '''Mass'''
|
| -∅
|Performing and action incompletely
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
|He barely touched his meal 
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | External aspects
| '''Plurative'''
|-
|  
!Aspect
| style="text-align:left;" | Multiple instances
!Adverb
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
!Use
!English equivalent
|-
|Retrospective
|
|Action before the time of reference
|He has eaten
|-
|Prospective
|
|Action after the time of reference
|He is going to eat
|}
|}
==Syntax==
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
;Passive
:Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
;Anti-Passive
:Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
;Standard
:Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
;Involuntary action
:Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
;Assisted action
:Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb
;Interrogative
:Verb + ... + (Oblique)


==Muna Versions==
==Muna Versions==
Current version is v2.7, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
* [[Muna/v21|Muna v21]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.8"