Skundavisk: Difference between revisions

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By the 12th century the language had evolved significantly and was entering the Middle Shoundavish period, during which many vowels in unstressed syllables were reduced (ex. Old Shoundavish daga, sunno, friunds, drivan > Middle Shoundavish dag, sunne, friend, driven). The Middle Shoundavish vocabulary is quite close to that of Modern Shoundavish, but the pronunciation was different and the adjectives and articles were still inflected, like in Modern German. Middle Shoundavish wasn't a unified language, but rather a dialectal continuum, with the varieties of the five main Hanseatic cities (Flensburg, Kijl, Hamburg, Lyvig and Sweren) serving as loose written standards. The varieties of Kijl and Sweren also served as lingua francas inside the Hanseatic league, and had a huge impact on the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish and Norwegian), whose modern vocabulary contains around 30% of Shoundavish loanwords, either Western Shoundavish (Kijlisk) or Eastern Shoundavish (Swerenisk). By the 15th century, the dialects of Shoundavish had diverged quite a lot from each other, and each dialect developed its own distinct pholonogial and grammatical characteristics.

The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with ~~actual~~ texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.

The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with modern texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.

While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunde, byrdkunde and erfþe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-þe" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.

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● '''ðe skåp''' = the sheep > '''ðes skåps''' = of the sheep

An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. ~~Consequently~~, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.

An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. More precisely, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.

{| class="wikitable alternance mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

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===Adjectives===

Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of ~~unstress~~ vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.

Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of unstressed vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.

{| class="wikitable alternance mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

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The non-Germanic loanwords present in Shoundavish can be divided in two main categories :

● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e. g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').

● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e.g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').

● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e. g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').

● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e.g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').

The phonological fitting process depends on the era when the word was borrowed. Consequently, for words borrowed during the Pre-Germanic times, Grimm's law applies, as can be seen on '''faver'''. For later loanwords, only unstressed vowel reduction and some further shifts are applied to yield natural-sounding Shoundavish words, as in '''kroktel''' and '''wijr'''. More information about Shoundavish vocabulary can be found on the Contionary website <ref name="ref3">{{cite web |url= https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Skundavisk_words|title=Shoundavish words on the Contionary website |author=Mohamed Kaseb |year=2018| accessdate= 2023-05-03}}</ref> .

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The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.

''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weeðe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ðan laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkanðeren, so kann ik eene after ðe anðere freten." Ðe gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ðe foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "ðar is nee ~~genåðe~~, ji mootet sterven."

''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weeðe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ðan laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkanðeren, so kann ik eene after ðe anðere freten." Ðe gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ðe foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "ðar is nee genåþe, ji mootet sterven."

''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf ðan ðough laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, ðarmid sterven wi neet in synde : ðarafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, ðarmid kant ðou eewe ðe fettste outsøken."

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 By the 12th century the language had evolved significantly and was entering the Middle Shoundavish period, during which many vowels in unstressed syllables were reduced (ex. Old Shoundavish daga, sunno, friunds, drivan > Middle Shoundavish dag, sunne, friend, driven). The Middle Shoundavish vocabulary is quite close to that of Modern Shoundavish, but the pronunciation was different and the adjectives and articles were still inflected, like in Modern German. Middle Shoundavish wasn't a unified language, but rather a dialectal continuum, with the varieties of the five main Hanseatic cities (Flensburg, Kijl, Hamburg, Lyvig and Sweren) serving as loose written standards. The varieties of Kijl and Sweren also served as lingua francas inside the Hanseatic league, and had a huge impact on the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish and Norwegian), whose modern vocabulary contains around 30% of Shoundavish loanwords, either Western Shoundavish (Kijlisk) or Eastern Shoundavish (Swerenisk). By the 15th century, the dialects of Shoundavish had diverged quite a lot from each other, and each dialect developed its own distinct pholonogial and grammatical characteristics.
-The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with actual texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.
+The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with modern texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.
 While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunde, byrdkunde and erfþe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-þe" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.
@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 ● '''ðe skåp''' = the sheep > '''ðes skåps''' = of the sheep
-An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. Consequently, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
+An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. More precisely, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
 {| class="wikitable alternance  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
@@ Line 1,277: / Line 1,277: @@
 ===Adjectives===
-Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of unstress vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.
+Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of unstressed vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.
 {| class="wikitable alternance  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
@@ Line 1,522: / Line 1,522: @@
 The non-Germanic loanwords present in Shoundavish can be divided in two main categories :
-● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e. g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').
+● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e.g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').
-● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e. g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').
+● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e.g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').
 The phonological fitting process depends on the era when the word was borrowed. Consequently, for words borrowed during the Pre-Germanic times, Grimm's law applies, as can be seen on '''faver'''. For later loanwords, only unstressed vowel reduction and some further shifts are applied to yield natural-sounding Shoundavish words, as in '''kroktel''' and '''wijr'''. More information about Shoundavish vocabulary can be found on the Contionary website <ref name="ref3">{{cite web |url= https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Skundavisk_words|title=Shoundavish words on the Contionary website |author=Mohamed Kaseb |year=2018| accessdate= 2023-05-03}}</ref> .
@@ Line 1,532: / Line 1,532: @@
 The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.
-''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weeðe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ðan laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkanðeren, so kann ik eene after ðe anðere freten." Ðe gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ðe foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "ðar is nee genåðe, ji mootet sterven."
+''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weeðe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ðan laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkanðeren, so kann ik eene after ðe anðere freten." Ðe gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ðe foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "ðar is nee genåþe, ji mootet sterven."
 ''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf ðan ðough laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, ðarmid sterven wi neet in synde : ðarafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, ðarmid kant ðou eewe ðe fettste outsøken."