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{{Infobox language
{{infobox language
| image = [[File:Uthilikh-in-alphabet.png|300px]]
| imagecaption = The Moshurian endonym(''uthilikh'') written in Moshurian script.
| map = [[File:Moshurian-speakers.jpeg|300px]]
| mapcaption = Map of Moshurian speakers. Dark green represents a Moshurian-speaking majority and light green represents a significant minority.
| name = Moshurian
| name = Moshurian
| nativename = uthilikh
| nativename = uthilikh
| pronunciation = uðˈilix
| pronunciation = ˈuð.ilix
| pronunciation_key = IPA
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian
| speakers = ~450,000,000
| ethnicity = Moshurians
| date = 350 UH
| speakers = Native: 410,000,000
| speakers2 = [[w:Second language|L2]]: 40,000,000
| date = 400 BH
| setting = Radael
| setting = Radael
| creator = [[User:Jukethatbox|Jukethatbox]]
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| state = Moshurian Empire
| state = Moshurian Empire
| scripts = * Moshurian alphabet
| scripts = * Moshurian alphabet
* Moshurian Romanisation
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam1 = Yeldhic
| fam1 = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]]
| fam2 = Tiachbric
| fam2 = Paleoyeldhic
| fam3 = Týbric
| fam3 = Tulooric
| ancestor1 = Kóftąbriác Yeldha
| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]
| ancestor2 = Proto-Tiachbric
| ancestor2 = Proto-Paleoyeldhic
| ancestor3 = Proto-Týbric
| ancestor3 = Proto-Tulooric
| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian
| ancestor4 = Early Moshurian
| ancestor5 = Ancient Moshurian
| ancestor5 = Middle Moshurian
| ancestor6 = Middle Moshurian
| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
| stand1 = Taráhus Moshurian
| dia1 = Taráhus dialect
| dia1 = Taráhus dialect<br>
** Oźmaneli dialect
| dia2 = Oalan dialect
| dia2 = Oalan dialect
| dia3 = Loïha dialect
| dia3 = Loïha dialect
Line 33: Line 38:
| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch and Radael as a whole, and thus acts as a general ''lingua franca'' across Radael, both in Talkoch and Birnu. Significant minority communities include those on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island, many in the Iśatúr Confederacy and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance(also called the ''Dmuriékh''). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire.
Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with some fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern.
==Usage==
===In the Moshurian Empire===
Moshurian is the official language of the Moshurian Empire, and 98% of Moshurian speakers live in the Empire. However, demographically speaking, the Moshurians make up a much less impressive 43.6% of the total Moshurian Empire population, with other important ethnic groups including the Mezcoi in the Mezco Delta at 24.1% of the population. The [[Arnic]] people, although the majority live in the Moshurian vassal of Arnah, make up about 11.7% of the population and that number shoots up to 21.9% of the population if one includes Arnah.
Though the 394BH Ethnic Minority Media and Information Transmission Bill legally mandates media to be translated into the majority language of any prefecture, Moshurian-majority prefectures are still the most economically developed and powerful, so many still learn Moshurian as a second language for work in these Moshurian-majority regions.
As of 400 BH, there are 40,000,000 people who speak Moshurian as a second language out of a total speaker base of 450,000,000, or about 8.88% of the total Moshurian speaker population.
===In the Iśatúr Confederacy===
The Iśatúr Confederacy, a tribal federation comprising mostly of tribes that speak [[Yeldhic languages#Sub-families|Ossic languages]], has a significant minority of Moshurian speakers in the south of the country, dating back to the Moshurian Empire's colonial efforts to "Moshurianise" the Empire from 96 BH-370 BH.
About 84,000 people of the total population of 5,000,000 in the Confederacy spoke Moshurian in 400  BH, or around 1.98% of the population.
===In Gegfen===
In the Far East of Birnu, a region called Gegfen is home to about 40,000 "Far East" Moshurians. Why they speak Moshurian so far away from Moshuria itself is a mystery, as the region was never occupied by the Moshurian Empire.
Their dialect differs very little from mainland Taráhus Moshurians; see ''[[Moshurian#Far East dialect|§Far East dialect]]''.
==History==
===Origin===
Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are descended from the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch.
===Ancestors===
====Comparative morphology====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Early Moshurian !! Old Moshurian !! Middle Moshurian !! Modern Moshurian
|-
! rowspan=5 | Word
! "cow"
| ''*mosuk'' || ''mosuk'' || ''musuk'' || ''mosok''
|-
! "eye"
| ''*faleH'' || ''felekh'' || ''fale'' || ''fáli''
|-
! "grass"
| ''*syö'' || ''siu'' || ''soi'' || ''sö''
|-
! "emotion"
| ''*mḗHwēg''<ref>See [[Moshurian#Iki-Duki's law|Iki-Duki's law]].</ref> || ''meşek'' || ''màfhek'' || ''mufhe''
|-
! "Moshurian"
| ''*uðileH'' || ''uthilikmöim'' || ''uthilikmui'' || ''uthilikh/uthilikmë''
|}
====Early Moshurian====
'''Early Moshurian''', also alternatively called '''Proto-Moshurian''', is the earliest form of the Moshurian language, although it is still only hypothesised, as Moshurian was not recorded until Old Moshurian. Most of Early Moshurian's vocabulary is instead [[w:Comparative reconstruction|comparatively reconstructed]] from later forms of Moshurian, as well as earlier proto-languages like [[Proto-Tulooric]] and sometimes as far back as [[Proto-Yeldhic]].
=====Iki-Duki's law=====
In the transistory period between Early and Old Moshurian, the /Hw/ sounds found in Early Moshurian post-alveolised to become /ʃ/ in Old Moshurian. This sound change, which seems to only have occured in Moshuric and Aquqi derivations, is often known in Radael linguistic areas as '''Iki-Duki's law''', as it was first hypothesised by a Kutic nomadic linguist called Iki-Duki, who studied phonological differences between his native Kutic and Moshurian. Although Iki-Duki's most famous contribution to the linguistics community was his classification of Kutic as part of the at the time still considered areal language family Ebró, his findings later snowballed into further study into other Moshuric languages and his hypothesis.
The law was first attested by Arnic linguist Môhwod ða-Téfir himself, and one of his first of many contributions to the linguistic community.
====Old Moshurian====
Old Moshurian is the oldest orthographically attested ancestor of Moshurian. Its oldest known written work is the ''Māgiswāska Kovinās''("Magistrates' Jurisdiction"; Old Moshurian: ''TàGevoch Kominazà''; Modern Moshurian: ''TaMamidakh Kominaz''), a document that was originally written in [[Ilda]] but translated into Old Moshurian.
Old Moshurian is also the primary appearance and attestation of Iki-Duki's law. Compare Early Moshurian ''*mḗHwēg'' and Old Moshurian ''meşek''.
=====Roōka's law=====
Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/.
Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian dialects#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects.
====Middle Moshurian====
Middle Moshurian, also called '''Classical Moshurian''', is the most recently spoken ancestor of Moshurian. Its development saw the emergence of the standard written Moshurian script, which developed from the "Bone-etch" script used by the Bâ(Modern Moshurian: ''Bákh'') clan of Northern Maranösia.
It differs from Modern Moshurian by how many more final consonants there are on nouns. In Modern Moshurian, many final velar plosives were dropped, such as in Middle Moshurian ''màfhek'' turning into Modern Moshurian ''mufhe''.
===Endonym===
The Moshurian endonym, ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'', is most likely derived from Moshurian mythology, in which the god of creation's daughter, Khaurnán, sent her son, ''Uthiliran'', to lead the Moshurian people. Etymologically, the word is probably derived from the Proto-Yeldhic word ''*ʕʷliés'', which most likely meant "small lake" or "pond", possibly referring to Tuloor Lake, which is deduced to be the Moshurian homeland.
===Exonym===
Their exonym of ''Moshurian'' comes from a nomadic legend of the god of travel and nomads, Dündŵęk, who traveled to Tuloor Lake(the homeland of the Moshurians) in search of an inn to rest. The Moshurians had plenty of inns(''möşhüř'' as they are called in Ancient Yeldha), and Dündŵęk was finally able to rest. After departing, he thanked the Moshurians, and later mentioned them to the other gods as simply ''möşhüřiànöřmà'', or "inn people". This exonym stuck within nomadic circles, who then passed the exonym to the more settled peoples of Talkoch.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
===Orthography===
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
[[File:Moshurian-alphabet.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|The Moshurian alphabet, with phonemic pronunciation.]]
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Moshurian has its own script that is read right-to-left, top-to-bottom. Each symbol can be easily deciphered by simply looking at how high or low the symbol is. If the symbol goes down below the line on the paper, it is a consonant.
 
The sound /h/ is represented with the〈kh〉glyph, and the /ɸ/ sound is represented by the 〈fh〉dipthong, transcripted as ⟨fkh⟩.
====Origin====
The origin of the Moshurian alphabet is heavily debated. According to the ''Gécheb Bizörith'', the Moshurian alphabet was designed by a secret society called Akhakuöm, who took inspiration from the Tiragii military cuneiform. Eventually after the bust of Akhakuöm by the Moshurian state, the script was changed to fit the standard Moshurian dialect and re-issued as the government Moshurian alphabet.
 
In the Sóvók religion, one of the books in the ''Idērigidwi'' claims that a man named Udeldoi presented a script to the king of Moshuria so as to record military victories for propaganda.
 
Both of these interpretations are considered simply as urban legend, as orthographic analysis of the ''Izkanà''(one of the earliest Moshurian documents) by calligraphers showed that the early Moshurian alphabet had many similarities with the logographic [[Oalanii]]<ref>''[[Oalanii]]'' is an archeological term used to describe the Proto-Taskaric inhabitants of what is now the city of Oalan. Although the [[Oalanii]] had their own script, no surviving documentation mentions their actual endonym, so they are called the [[Oalanii]] after the city where the first archeological remains of ancient Oalan were found.</ref> script, which may have influenced Munsanukh orthographies as a whole.


Vowel inventory
The glyphs for /b/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*ʕbạn'', while the glyph for /d/ comes from [[Oalanii]] ''*dḕmsir''.
Consonant inventory
====Abjad form====
Syllable structure
The Moshurian alphabet can be written in an [[w:Abjad|abjad]] form, although this is mostly used by [[Kutic]] traders who adapted the Moshurian alphabet to a structure similar to their own native [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic script]], which itself is an abjad.
Stress
 
Intonation
The form mostly follows the rules of the [[Kutic#Orthography|Kutic abjad]], such as no inset vowels being represented, although the glyphs for ⟨a⟩ and ⟨á⟩ are used in an onset position.
 
The Moshurian Empire does not officially recognise the abjad form, and even in traditionally Kutic-dominated territories, such as along east to west trade routes, children are taught the alphabetical form of the script when learning Moshurian.
====Romanisation====
Modern Moshurian romanisation was unstandardised before 400 BH. Before this, various systems were used, most influenced by other Latin scripts or romanisations, though the Turkic-inspired Ügna system began to take prominence shortly before standardisation.
 
After 400 BH, the newly created Ministry of Linguistic Regulation was tasked in finding or creating a new standard. Ügna, as well as linguist Čohmečo(known for his work on the Lakota and Albanian-inspired Čhehiyapi system) were scouted to work together on a new standard, though they struggled to work together and both quit the project early on. Wişáskoŋ, an amateur neoscript enthusiast, then combined the two systems into the modern Moshurian Romanisation System(''Uthilikh Romàdeşk Goşigë'', <small>Moshurian:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈuð.ilix ɽomˈə̃d.ɛʃk goˈʃi.gɪ]]]).
 
Though Ügna's system was used as the primary template, various features characteristic of Ügna were switched to their Čhehiyapi counterpart such as the glyph for /ɪ/ changing from the [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]] [[w:Dotless I|dotless I]], ⟨ı⟩, from Ügna to the Albanian [[w:Ë|e-diaeresis]], ⟨ë⟩ from Čhehiyapi.
Čhehiyapi's signature use of ⟨ŋ⟩ to represent the phoneme of the same symbol was also swapped in from Ügna's use of ⟨ñ⟩, a feature again taken from Kazakh.


-->
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]/<br>[[w:Velar consonant|velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left:0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced retroflex flap|ɽ]]
| colspan="2" |
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !![[w:Near-front vowel|Near-<br>front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="border-right:0;"| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || style="border-left:0;"| [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]] || || || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| colspan="2"| || [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || ||
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| style="border-right:0;"| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || style="border-left:0;"| [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]] || || || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="2"| || || [[Moshurian dialects#N-Schwa shift|ə̃]] ||
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| colspan="2"| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ε]] || || ||
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || || colspan=2| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]~[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]
|}
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
====Intonation====
Stress in Moshurian is paroxytonic, meaning stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word, e.g. '''[[Contionary:zazuŋ|zazuŋ]]''', pronounced [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈzaˌzuŋ]</nowiki>]], or '''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]''', pronounced [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuð.ilix]</nowiki>]].


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
Syllables in Moshurian typically follow the pattern of '''(C)(C)V(V)(C)(C)<ref>Velar fricatives(/x/) can not be followed by glides(/j/).</ref>'''.
 
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small>
===Loanwords===
Despite Moshurian being the dominant Yeldhic language by far, with basically every other language in Radael borrowing at the very least some words from Moshurian, it may come as a surprise that despite this, Moshurian has borrowed many, many words from all kinds of languages throughout its history.
====Ilda's influence====
Moshurian has borrowed thousands of words from Ilda, mostly regarding medical and scientific studies. Some examples include:
=====Medical terms=====
* ''zudözaba'' from Ilda ''sudusāpas'', "tibia"
* ''[[Contionary:milindya|milindya]]'' from Ilda ''[[Contionary:milendia|milendia]]'', "coronary heart disease", ''lit.'' "vein(''[[Contionary:mileni|mileni]]'') disease(''[[Contionary:dio|dio]]'')"
* ''sagindya'' from Ilda ''sagindia'', "leukemia"
* ''ranoskoi'' from Ilda ''ranoscan'', "medication"
* ''sespid'' from Ilda ''sāspidi'', "nurse"
* ''ustrim'' from Ilda ''ustrēm'', "doctor"
* ''babulo'' from Ilda ''pabulos'', "surgeon"
** ''kábulil'' from Ilda ''cābulisē'', "surgery"


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
=====Non-medical terms=====
* ''safhilon'' from Ilda ''saphilon'', "philosophy"
* ''istakon'' from Ilda ''istāklon'', "strategy/military strategy"
* ''makistu'' from Ilda ''machirstun'', "administration(archaic term)"
* ''irkiman'' from Ilda ''irkimano'', "regulation(s)"
* ''meşasel'' from Ilda ''meswasālia'', "physics and chemistry"(considered the same subject in Ilda)
* ''estanik'' from Ilda ''estāniki'', "geology"


Nouns
===Verbs===
Adjectives
Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun.
Verbs
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Adverbs
|+ Suffixes
Particles
|-
Derivational morphology
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
 
|-
-->
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan="2"| ''-omh''
|-
| '''First person''' || ''-ék(-ïk)'' || ''-ékeŋ(-ïkeŋ)''
|-
| '''Second person''' || ''-ot'' || ''-(o)tuŋ''
|-
| '''He''' || ''-eź'' || ''-iŋź''
|-
| '''She''' || ''-aş'' || ''-aŋéş''
|-
| '''They''' || ''-iş'' || ''-éiméş''
|}
====Example====
{{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}}
===Numerals===
Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Moshurian !! English
|-
| ''[[Contionary:iyg|iyg]]'' || one
|-
| ''[[Contionary:oyamö|oyamö]]'' || two
|-
| ''[[Contionary:tikré|tikré]]'' || three
|-
| ''[[Contionary:igoyà|igoyà]]'' || four
|-
| ''[[Contionary:tikoyam|tikoyam]]'' || five
|-
|}
===Pronouns===
====Demonstrative====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Demonstrative pronouns
|-
! English translation !! Pronoun
|-
| this || ''[[Contionary:gá|gá]]''
|-
| that || ''[[Contionary:gánué|gánué]]''
|-
| these || ''[[Contionary:gáloŋ|gáloŋ]]''
|-
| those || ''[[Contionary:gánuéloŋ|gánuéloŋ]]''
|}
====Personal====
Personal pronouns in Moshurian are, for the most part, identical to their verb inflections.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
|-
| '''First person''' || ''ék'' || ''ékeŋ''
|-
| '''Second person''' || ''ot'' || ''otuŋ''
|-
| '''He''' || ''eź'' || ''iŋź''
|-
| '''She''' || ''aş'' || ''aŋéş''
|-
| '''They''' || ''iş'' || ''éiméş''
|}
====Possessive====
Possessive pronouns in Moshurian are identical to personal pronouns, except that they add the prefix ''ta-'' before the personal pronoun.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Possessive pronouns
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural'''
|-
| '''First person''' || ''taék'' || ''taékeŋ''
|-
| '''Second person''' || ''taot'' || ''taotuŋ''
|-
| '''He''' || ''taeź'' || ''taiŋź''
|-
| '''She''' || ''tayaş'' || ''tayaŋéş''
|-
| '''They''' || ''taiş'' || ''taéiméş''
|}
The exceptions to this rule are the male third person possessive pronoun, where the prefix ''tay-'' is used instead because the personal pronouns begin in ''a-''.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Modern Moshurian uses an '''OSV'''(object-subject-verb) sentence structure.
====Verb order====
In Moshurian, in the event of two verbs, the first, "initiating" verb('''V₁''') is conjugated based on the context, while the second('''V₂''') is in infinitive. However, many Moshurian speakers, especially in Maranösia, do not conjugate the second verb in infinitive, which is a defining feature of the region's vernacular.
====Noun-adjective order====
Noun-adjective order is free, though most people put the adjective following the noun.
===Cases===
Moshurian has three noun cases: the '''nominative''', the '''accusative''' and the '''genitive'''. The nominative is not indicated, while the accusative is indicated with a ''-géd/-éd'' suffix for all nouns but pronouns and the suffix ''-e'' for pronouns. The genitive case is indicated with the
prefix ''ta-''.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center";
! colspan=2 |
! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive
|-
! rowspan=2 | Noun
! Consonant-ending
| rowspan=3 | -
| ''-éd''
| rowspan=3 | ''ta-''
|-
! Vowel-ending
| ''-géd''
|-
! colspan=2 | Pronoun
|  ''-e''
|}
===Particles===
====Tense particles====
In Moshurian, there are four main tenses- the present, the future, the far future and the simple past. To indicate that a phrase is in a certain tense, a ''particle'' is used just before the object, e.g. '''''öş''' gersetigéd kestolék''(I built a house).
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Tense particles
|-
! Present !! Future !! Far Future !! Past
|-
| (uź) || ïş || ïşé || öş
|}
The present tense particle, ''uź'', is used like a [[w:Accidental (music)|natural]] in music. By default, no particle is used to indicate the present in a non-contextual sentence, but as particles are continuous, meaning that if a particle is placed then all succeeding sentences will be in the particle's tense until a new particle appears, ''uź'' may be needed to clarify that a sentence does not follow the tense of the previous sentence.<br>
'''Example:''' ''öş abáragéd udubék. budur ibiş.'' - ''I went to the park. It '''was'''<ref>Note the continuous past tense.</ref> great.''<br>
''ös abáragéd udubék. '''uź''' budur ibiş.'' - ''I went to the park. (The park) '''is''' great.''
====Other particles====
* '''[[Contionary:ché|ché]]''' - negative particle, roughly translates to no/not/non- in English.
* '''[[Contionary:duà|duà]]''' - imperative particle, indicates a sentence is imperative. Can also mean the adjective "imperative" in general, though most speakers differentiate the two meanings by using ''duànaga'' for the latter meaning.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
: ''Sögéd kél mosok dáfhéréiméş.''
: ''grass-<small>ACC</small> <small>PL</small> cow(<small>PL</small>) eat-<small>3PL</small>.''
: ''Cows eat grass.''
In this sentence, ''[[Contionary:sö|sö]]<nowiki>géd</nowiki>'' is the object, ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' is the subject, and ''[[Contionary:dáfhéromh|dáfhér]]éiméş'' is the verb with inflection. in noun phrases, Moshurian still uses the object-subject-verb structure.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
<small>''See also:[[Moshurian#Verbs|Verbs]].</small>
===Dependent clauses===
: ''sögéd duà ché dáfhér!''
<!-- etc. etc. -->
: ''grass-<small>ACC</small> <small>IMP</small> no eat!''
: ''Do not eat the grass!''
In imperative verb phrases, the ''imperative particle'', ''duà'', is put before the verb, as ''ché'' is still considered, at least grammatically, part of the verb when present. Additionally, verbs take on their '''root''' form, as opposed to their infinitive form in said sentence type.


==Example texts==
In this sentence, ''[[Contionary:sö|sö]]géd'' is the object, and the verb is ''[[Contionary:dáfhéromh|dáfhér]]''. The subject does not appear and is instead implied to be the recipient of the imperative phrase.
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
==Other resources==
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==Dialects==
<small>''Main article: [[Moshurian dialects]]''</small>


==Example texts==


==Other resources==
[[Category:Moshurian]]
[[Category:Moshurian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Radael]]
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