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{{Construction}}
{{Construction}}


Marèngil is a constructed language inspired by both Elvish and Dwarvish, languages spoken by the elves and dwarves respectively in the fictional world of Middle Earth, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. Thus, the language is spoken by an elf-like people, but of a more hardy stock, akin to the dwarves. The language is highly agglutinative in most modern forms and branches, though there are certain dialects which do not follow such rules. These are heavily influenced by other languages, however, and some state that they are not directly associated with Marêngil. Older root languages have little to no agglutination, with its two main root languages having no agglutination whatsoever.
Ataši is the language spoken by the Vekala, a humanoid, elf-like people who live in a mountainous, densely forested location. The evolution of the language is  


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


The phonetic inventory of Marêngil has grown dramatically since the evolution of [[Akaadi]], its main proto-language, resulting in a wide range of consonants and vowels. While most of the phonetic inventory comes from Akaadi, there are a significant differences between the two. [[Bôlzhèqa]], another language from the same world, introduced a number of new sounds, including lateral, uvular and dental consonants, as well as a variety of new vowel sounds.
The phonetic inventory of Marêngil has stayed relatively small in its evolution, Relying more on vowels to show phonetic distinctions. While most of the phonetic inventory comes from Akaadi, a few were adopted from other languages, such as the lateral approximant /l/.
 
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan=10|'''Consonants'''
! colspan=9|'''Consonants'''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2|Labial
! rowspan=2| Labial
! colspan=2|Alveolar
! colspan=2| Alveolar
! rowspan=2|Post-Alveolar
! rowspan=2| Alveolo-palatal
! rowspan=2|Palatal
! rowspan=2| Velar
! rowspan=2|Velar
! rowspan=2|Uvular
! rowspan=2|Glottal
|-
|-
!<small>central</small>
! central
!<small>lateral</small>
! lateral
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|Plosive
! Plosive
!<small>Unaspirated</small>
|'''p''' /p/ '''b''' /b/
|'''p''' /p/ '''b''' /b/
|'''t''' /t/ '''d''' /d/
|'''t''' /t/ '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
|
|'''k''' /k/ '''g''' /g/
|'''k''' /k/ '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>Aspirated</small>
! Fricative
|'''p'''' /pʰ/ '''b'''' /bʰ/
|'''t'''' /tʰ/ '''d'''' /dʰ/
|
|
|
|'''k'''' /kʰ/ '''g'''' /gʰ/
|'''q''' /qʰ/
|-
! colspan=2|Fricative
|'''f''' /f/ '''v''' /v/
|'''f''' /f/ '''v''' /v/
|'''s''' /s/ '''z''' /z/
|'''s''' /s/ '''z''' /z/
|'''lh''' /ɬ/
|'''l''' /ɬ/
|'''sh''' /ʃ/ '''zh''' /ʒ/
|'''š''' /ɕ/ '''ž''' /ʑ/
|'''c''' /ɕ/
|'''x''' /x/ '''ŕ''' /ɣ/
|'''kh''' /x/
|'''qh''' /χ/ '''rh''' /ʁ/
|'''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Affricate
! Affricate
|
|
|'''tl''' /t͡ɬ/
|'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/ '''jh''' /d͡ʒ/
|'''tc''' /t͡ɕ/
|
|
|'''ś''' /t͡s/ '''ź''' /d͡z/
|
|
|'''č''' /t͡ɕ/ '''ř''' /d͡ʑ/
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Nasal
! Nasal
|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/
|'''n''' /n/
|'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|'''ń''' /ɲ/
|'''nn''' /ɲ/
|'''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Tap/Flap
! Liquid
|
|
|'''r''' /r/
|'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|'''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Approximant
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|
|'''j''' /j/
|
|
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
There are two vowel tones, low and high. Low is represented by a grave (`) over the vowel, and high is represented by an acute (´).


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;"
! colspan=4|'''Vowels'''
! colspan=5|'''Vowels'''
|-
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| Front
! rowspan=2| Middle
! colspan=2| Back
|-
|-
!
! unrounded
! Front
! rounded
! Middle
! Back
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
|'''i''' /i/ '''ï''' /i:/
|'''i''' /i/
|
|
|'''u''' /u/ '''ü''' /u:/
|'''w''' /ɯ/
|'''u''' /u/  
|-
|-
! Near-close
! Near-close
|'''ì''' /ɪ/
| /ɪ/
|
| '''û''' /ʊ/
|
|
|'''ù''' /ʊ/
|-
|-
! Close-mid
! Close-mid
|'''à''' /e/ '''ë''' /e:/
|
|'''è''' /ə/
| /ə/
|'''o''' /o/ '''ö''' /o:/
|
|'''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! Open-mid
! Open-mid
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|
| /ʌ/
|
|
|'''ò''' /ʌ/
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|'''â''' /æ/
|'''a''' /a/
|
|
|'''a''' /a/ '''ä''' /a:/
|}
===Diphthongs===
{|class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 120px; text-align: center;"
! colspan=3| Diphthongs
|-
! IPA
! Marêngil
! Form
|-
| aɪ
| aj
| Falling
|-
| eɪ
| ej
| Falling
|-
| oɪ
| oj
| Falling
|-
| ʊɪ
| uj
| Rising
|-
|}
|}


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* If a plosive appears as the final phoneme of a word, it is always aspirated.
* If a plosive appears as the final phoneme of a word, it is always aspirated.
* When a nasal is directly proceeded by a palatal, velar, uvular or glottal fricative it becomes silent. In some dialects the vowel is nasalized, but this considered as a sign of poverty and poor education, and as such are frowned upon by the middle and upper class.
* When a nasal is directly proceeded by a palatal, velar, uvular or glottal fricative it becomes silent. In some dialects the vowel is nasalized, but this considered as a sign of poverty and poor education, and as such are frowned upon by the middle and upper class.
* If an H occurs between two vowels it is realized as a J.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 215: Line 161:


====Class====
====Class====
Nouns are considered to fall under the seven classes below, which give additional information about what kind of noun it is. They are all shown by a suffix which represents class, number and gender.
Nouns are considered to fall under the six classes below, which give additional information about what kind of noun it is. They are all shown by a suffix which represents class, number and gender.


* '''Class I''' Animate (Mammals, birds, reptiles, etc.)
* '''Class I''' Animate (Mammals, birds, reptiles, etc.)
* '''Class II''' Semianimate (Plants, microorganisms, body parts, etc.)
* '''Class II''' Semianimate (Plants, microorganisms, body parts, etc.)
* '''Class III''' Inanimate Natural (Rocks, wood, stuff of nature, etc.)
* '''Class III''' Inanimate (Rocks, wood, tools, etc.)
* '''Class IV''' Inanimate Unnatural (Tools, human-made things, etc.)
* '''Class IV''' Products of the Psyche (Emotions, morals, etc.)
* '''Class V''' Products of the Psyche (Emotions, morals, etc.)
* '''Class V''' Undeniable Concepts (Happiness, ideas, plans, etc.)
* '''Class VI''' Undeniable Concepts (Happiness, ideas, plans, etc.)
* '''Class VI''' Unknowns (Unknown data, meaning of life, etc.)
* '''Class VII''' Unknowns (Meaning of life, what's inside a black hole, etc.)


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:275px; text-align:center;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:275px; text-align:center;"
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|-
|-
! Class I
! Class I
| -t
| -t'
| -bät
| -bät'
| -at
| -at'
|-
|-
! Class II
! Class II
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|-
|-
! Class III
! Class III
| -c
| -k'
| -cat'
| -bok'
| -ac
| -jog'
|-
|-
! Class IV
! Class IV
| -q'
| -boq'
| -jog'
|-
! Class V
| -m
| -m
| -vm
| -vm
| -am
| -am
|-
|-
! Class VI
! Class V
| -ng
| -ng
| -kang
| -kang
| -ang
| -ang
|-
|-
! Class VII
! Class VI
| -n
| -n
| -nev
| -nev
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! colspan=2| Nominative
! colspan=2| Nominative
| N/A
| N/A
| '''I''' went home
| '''The dog''' went home
| '''jáäk''' cadákhad
| '''bèrât'''' cadákhaq
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Accusative
! colspan=2| Accusative
| ca-
| ca-
| I went '''home'''
| I went '''home'''
| jáäk '''cadákhad'''
| jájaka '''cadákhaq'''
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Dative
! colspan=2| Dative
| lo-
| lo-
| I went home '''today'''
| I went home '''today'''
| jáäk cadákhad '''lonulkâv'''
| jájäk cadákhad '''lonukâng'''
|-  
|-  
! rowspan=3| Genitive
! rowspan=3| Genitive
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| shi-
| shi-
| '''The dog's''' paw
| '''The dog's''' paw
| nadúlzha '''shibèrâ'''
| nadúlzhash '''shibèrât''''
|-
|-
! Semi-
! Semi-
| ci-
| ci-
| '''The person's''' friend
| '''The person's''' friend
| vàvnukárit '''cisharît'''
| vàvnukárit' '''cisharît''''
|-
|-
! Non-
! Non-
| zhi-
| zhi-
| '''the person's''' city
| '''the person's''' city
| nagègráshìkhad '''zhisharît'''
| nagèdákhasharîtat '''zhisharît''''
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Possessed
! colspan=2| Possessed
| na-
| na-
| The dog's '''paw'''
| The dog's '''paw'''
| '''nadúlzha''' shibèrâ
| '''nadúlzhash''' shibèrât'
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Causal
! colspan=2| Causal
| li-
| li-
| I went shopping '''for bread'''
| I went shopping '''for bread'''
| jáäk
| jájaka rûgak '''liplatáq'''
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Comitative
! colspan=2| Comitative
| rha-
| rha-
| I went '''with the person'''  
| I went '''with the person'''  
|
| jájaka '''rhasharît''''
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Instrumental
! colspan=2| Instrumental
| si-
| si-
| I cleaned '''with a rag'''
| I cleaned '''with a rag'''
|
| jamáka '''sikangrúdjaq'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 346: Line 286:


{|class="redtable lightredbg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
{|class="redtable lightredbg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan=4| Fixed Physical Postpositions
! colspan=4| Physical Postpositions
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|Position
! rowspan=2|Position
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|-
|-
! Just inside
! Just inside
| -qep
| -qep'
| -qup
| -qup'
| -qib
| -qib'
|-
|-
! Far inside
! Far inside
| -qëp
| -qëp'
| -qüp
| -qüp'
| -qïb
| -qïb'
|-
|-
! Just outside
! Just outside
| -elet
| -elet'
| -elut
| -elut'
| -elid
| -elid'
|-
|-
! Far outside
! Far outside
Line 386: Line 326:
|-
|-
! Just below
! Just below
| -lhek
| -lhek'
| -lhuk
| -lhuk'
| -lhig
| -lhig'
|-
|-
! Far below
! Far below
| -tlek
| -tlek'
| -tluk
| -tluk'
| -lhïg
| -lhïg'
|-
|-
! Just in front of
! Just in front of
Line 416: Line 356:
|-
|-
! Just before
! Just before
| -zhlex
| -zhlekh
| -zhlux
| -zhlukh
| -zhlix
| -zhlikh
|-
|-
! Far before
! Far before
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| -zhlï
| -zhlï
|-
|-
! Soon after
! Just after
| -për
| -për
| -pür
| -pür
| -pïr
| -pïr
|-
|-
! Long after
! Far after
| -pere
| -pere
| -puru
| -puru
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| -bïr
| -bïr
|-
|-
|}
{|class="redtable lightredbg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan=4| Moving Physical Postpositions
|}
|}




{|class="redtable lightredbg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{|class="redtable lightredbg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
! colspan=4| Fixed Temporal Postpositions
! colspan=4| Temporal Postpositions
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|Position
! rowspan=2|Position
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!M.
!M.
!F.
!F.
|-
! During
| -èka
| -èku
| -èki
|-
|-
! Long before
! Long before
| -klà
| -akul
| -akil
|-
! Just before
| -aj
| -uj
| -ij
|-
! Long after
| -ba
| -bu
| -bi
|-
! Just after
| -isha
| -ishu
| -ishi
|-
|}
===Verbs===
====Tense and Aspect====
Tense and aspect are directly reliant on one another in Marêngil, which is why they are combined. The infinitive verb form ends in "-k'", which is used for both the present infinitive and imperfective. The general past tense is usually shown with an ending of "a", while the near and far past are shown with endings of "-aj" and "-ak" respectively.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
! colspan=7|Tense and Aspect System
|-
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| Present
! colspan=3| Past
! colspan=2| Future
|-
! Gen.
! Near
! Far
! Gen.
! Far
|-
! Infinitive
| rowspan=2| -k'
| -ka
| -kaj
| -ka
| -sh
| -b
|-
! Imperfective
| -sa
| -skaj
| -ska
| -shi
| -ba
|-
! Perfective
| -ka
| -la
| -laj
| -kla
| -shil
| -bali
|-
! Hypothetical
| -ät
| -sakä
| -likä
| -lhä
| -ät
| -bat
|-
! Conditional
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Just before
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Long after
! Necessitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Just after
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!
! Habitual
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
|
|
|
|
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|}
|}


===Verbs===
====Conjugation====
 
Verbs are one of the three main parts of speech in Marêngil. The verb changes
 
====Tense====


* An infinitive verb will always end with vowel followed by a voiceless velar stop (k).
Conjugation appears on the beginning of a word, like Case, and is more or less simply pronouns, sometimes in an altered form, which have been suffixed on. Standalone pronouns in the nominative case no longer exist in Marêngil, though they do appear for other cases. Note that there is a "Fourth person" conjugation, which is essentially a vague set of pronouns which can refer to anyone without any presuppositions being made as to conditional information. A similar thing in English occurs, though somewhat infrequently, in saying, "''one'' does not usually...". The fourth person is also often used as a demonstrative pronoun, such as "this" or "that", however, no distinction is made between the two. A further complication of the 4th person is that it is used for when the source of the verb is unknown, similar to the passive voice in English, however, valency has fallen out of use in modern Marêngil.
* Infinitive verbs generally do not have any long vowels in them because of the following reason.
*
* The past tense is shown by an added "-a" in the infinitive, and a lengthening the vowel of the final syllable for perfective and imperfective.
* The future tense is shown by a suffixation of -lèsh, meaning "up (and out)" since the concept of time is an movement upwards.
* The hypothetical is shown by a suffixation of -ivrät, which is a contraction of ''iv'' and ''lhukírät'', meaning "of" and "possibility" respectively. ''ívrät'' translates roughly to "maybe" in English and is commonly used in conversation.
* The necessitive is an altered form of the verb ''vulâk'', "to need".
* The imperfective and perfective use an auxiliary which became suffixed and altered. They use the verbs ''sáak'', "to go" and ''sálik'', "to complete" respectively.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width:350px; text-align:center;"
! colspan=4|Tense
! colspan=8|Chart I
|-
|-
!Aspect
! NOMINATIVE
!INF
! Singular
!IMPF
! Paucal
!PRFV
! Plural
|-
|-
!Present
! 1st Person
| colspan=2| -k
| j-
| -ka
| bj-
| ak-
|-
|-
!Past
! 2nd Person
| -ka
| b-
| -säk
| bv-
| -lïk
| av-
|-
|-
!Future
! 3rd Person
| -lèsh
| l-
| -lash
| br-
| -lish
| al-
|-
|-
!Hypothetical
! 4th Person
| -ät
| t-
| -sakä
| ft-
| -likä
| at-
|-
|-
!Necessitive
| colspan=2| -vul
| -lhuuk
|}
|}


====Irregular Verbs====


====Conjugation====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width:350px; text-align:center;"
 
! colspan=8|Chart II
Conjugation appears on the beginning of a word, like Case, and is more or less simply pronouns, sometimes in an altered form, which have been suffixed on. Standalone pronouns no longer exist in Marêngil. Note that there is a "Fourth person" conjugation, which is essentially a vague set of pronouns which can refer to anyone without any presuppositions being made as to conditional information. A similar thing in English occurs, though somewhat infrequently, in saying, "''one'' does not usually...". The fourth person is also often used as a demonstrative pronoun, such as "this" or "that", however, no distinction is made between the two.
|-
 
! ACCUSATIVE/DATIVE
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width:300px; text-align:center;"
! Singular
! colspan=8|Conjugation System
! Paucal
! Plural
|-
|-
! colspan=3|
! 1st Person
!1st  
| ja
!2nd
| baj
!3rd
| ak
!4th
|-
|-
! rowspan=7|Nominative
! 2nd Person
| ba
| bav
| av
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|Singular
! 3rd Person
! Pers.
| li
| j-
| bor
| b-
| al
| l-
| t-
|-
|-
! Poss.
! 4th Person
| m-
| ti
| bl-
| fat
| ml-
| at
| tl-
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|Paucal
|}
! Pers.
 
| bj-
 
| bv-
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width:500px; text-align:center;"
| br-
! colspan=10|Chart III
| ft-
|-
|-
! Poss.
! rowspan=2| GENITIVE
| mik-
! colspan=3| Singular
| miv-
! colspan=3| Paucal
| mil-
! colspan=3| Plural
| til-
|-
|-
! rowspan=2|Plural
! Total
! Pers.
! Partial
| ak-
! Non
| av-
! Total
| al-
! Partial
| at-
! Non
! Total
! Partial
! Non
|-
|-
! Poss.
! 1st Person
| m-
|
|
| mik-
|
|
| mak-
| mak-
|
|
|-
! 2nd Person
| bl-
|
|
| miv-
|
|
| mav-
| mav-
|
|
|-
! 3rd Person
| ml-
|
|
| mil-
|
|
| mal-
| mal-
| mat-
|
|
|-
! 4th Person
| tl-
|
|
| til-
|
|
| tal-
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Irregular Verbs====
Irregularity occurs when the spelling of a verb in the infinitive form becomes inconvenient to pronounce the same way when conjugated. This irregularity takes a few different forms which are explained below. It is important to note that verbs that begin with a single phoneme are never under any circumstances irregular. However, verbs that begin with a consonant cluster or a vowel often are changed in conjugation.
====Valency====
There is no valency markings in Marêngil. There is also no real passive voice, although a certain change does occur in such circumstances. Instead of flipping the object and subject, as in English, instead the verb is marked in the 4th person to demonstrate that the source of the verb is unspecified.


====Copulas====
====Copulas====
Line 631: Line 671:
|-
|-
!to be, impermanent
!to be, impermanent
|vek
| vek
|Denotes a temporary physical state of being
|Denotes a temporary physical state of being
|"I am here"
|"I am here"
|jék da
| jek da
|-
|-
!to be, permanent
!to be, permanent
|sávek
| sávek
|Denotes a permanent physical state of being
|Denotes a permanent physical state of being
|"I am short"
|"I am short"
|jávek krad
| jávek krad'
|-
|-
!to feel
!to feel
|vílìk
| vílìk
|Denotes a temporary non-physical state of being
|Denotes a temporary non-physical state of being
|"I feel happy"
|"I feel happy"
|jílìk bláshnad
| jílìk bláshnad'
|-
|-
!to have, total poss.
!to have, total poss.
|dâvnèk
| dâvnèk
|Denotes total possession of a Class II, III, IV or VI noun
|Denotes total possession of a Class II, III, IV or VI noun
|"I have two arms"
|"I have two arms"
|jâvnèk botîv lháshatesh
| jâvnèk botlháshatesh
|-
|-
!to have, semi-poss.
!to have, semi-poss.
|vanák
| vanâk
|Denotes relationship with a Class I noun
|Denotes relationship with a Class I noun
|"I have a girlfriend"
|"I have a girlfriend"
|janák vnukáriti
| janâk savânejkaríti
|-
|-
!to have, non-poss.
!to have, non-poss.
|dének
| dének
|Denotes adpositional relationship with a thing
|Denotes adpositional relationship with a thing
|"I have a meeting"
|"I have a meeting"
|jenek
| jének nádanej
|-
|}
 
==Syntax==
 
===Suffixes===
 
Similar to English, there a number of suffixes which directly change the meaning and/or part of speech of a word. Take the word "transformation". The "-ation" denotes an occurrence of the verb "to transform". Such is the function of the following suffixes.
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! Suffix
! English Equivalent
! Function
|-
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


<!--
<!--
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Ataši"