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Faiten: Difference between revisions

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| rowspan="3" |Stop
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
|Aspirated
|'''pʰ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''


p, hp, ph
p, hp, ph
|'''tʰ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''


t, ht, th
t, ht, th
|'''t͡sʰ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''


tz, ch
tz, ch
|'''t͡ɕʰ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''


q
q
|'''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''


kr, gr
kr, gr
|'''kʰ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''


k, hk, kh
k, hk, kh
|-
|-
|Tenuis
|Tenuis
|'''p'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''


p, b
p, b
|'''t'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''


t, d
t, d
|'''t͡s'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''


ts
ts
|'''t͡ɕ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''


j
j
|'''ʈ͡ʂ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''


tr, dr
tr, dr
|'''k'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''


k, c, g
k, c, g
|-
|-
|Voiced
|Voiced
|'''b'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''


b, bh
b, bh
|'''d'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''


d, dh
d, dh
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|
|
|
|
|'''g'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''


g, gh
g, gh
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| rowspan="2" |Fricative
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
|Tenuis
|'''f'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''


f
f
|
|
|'''s'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''


s
s
|'''ɕ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''


x
x
|'''ʂ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''


sh
sh
|'''h'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''


h
h
|-
|-
|Voiced
|Voiced
|'''v'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''


v
v
|
|
|'''z'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''


z
z
|'''ʑ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''


r
r
|'''ʐ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''


zh
zh
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| rowspan="3" |Resonant
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
|Nasal
|'''m'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''


m, hm
m, hm
|'''n'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''


n, hn
n, hn
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|
|
|
|
|'''ŋ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''


ng, gn
ng, gn
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|Liquid
|Liquid
|
|
|'''l'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''


l, lh, hl
l, lh, hl
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|
|
|
|
|'''j'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''


i, y
i, y
|
|
|'''w'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''


u, w
u, w
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" |Front
| colspan="2"  style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" |Back
| colspan="2"  style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|-
|Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
|Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
|Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|-
|Close
|Close
|'''i'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''


i, ee
i, ee
|'''y'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''


u, uu, ue
u, uu, ue
|'''ɨ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''


z, ze, y
z, ze, y
|'''u'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''


u, oo, ou
u, oo, ou
|-
|-
|Middle
|Middle
|'''e'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''


e, ay, ai, eh, er
e, ay, ai, eh, er
|'''ø'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''


eu, eo, oe, oeu
eu, eo, oe, oeu
|'''ə'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''


e, o, a
e, o, a
|'''o'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''


o, aw, au, oh, or
o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|-
|Open
|Open
|'''ɛ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''


e, ay, ai, eh, er
e, ay, ai, eh, er
|'''œ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''


eu, eo, oe, oeu
eu, eo, oe, oeu
|'''a'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''


a, aa, ah, ar
a, aa, ah, ar
|'''ɔ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''


o, aw, au, oh, or
o, aw, au, oh, or
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| colspan="2" |Labial
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
|-
|'''i̯a'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''


ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
|'''ai̯'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''


ae, ay
ae, ay
|'''u̯a'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''


oi, oa,  war, waa, wah
oi, oa,  war, waa, wah
|'''au̯'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''


ao, aw, aou
ao, aw, aou
|-
|-
|'''i̯e'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''


ie, ye,  iae, yae
ie, ye,  iae, yae
|'''ei̯'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''


ey, ei,  ay, ai
ey, ei,  ay, ai
|'''u̯e'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''


we,  way, wai, oue, oui
we,  way, wai, oue, oui
|'''eu̯'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''


ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
|-
|'''ɨ̯ə'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''


eau,  uea, ea
eau,  uea, ea
|'''əi̯'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''


aoe,  aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
aoe,  aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
|'''u̯ə'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''


our,  ua, wa
our,  ua, wa
|
|
|-
|-
|'''i̯o'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''


iau,  io, iao, yau, yao, yo
iau,  io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
|
|'''u̯o'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''


uo, wo,  wau
uo, wo,  wau
|'''ou̯'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''


ow, ou,  aw, au
ow, ou,  aw, au
|-
|-
|'''y̯ø'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''


ieu,  iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
ieu,  iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
|'''øy̯'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''


eui,  eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
eui,  eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
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|
|
|-
|-
|'''i̯u'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''


iou,  iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
iou,  iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
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| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
|-
|'''m'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''


m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh, sme,
|'''p̚'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''


p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp
p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp, lf, be
|-
|-
|'''n'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''


n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,  
n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le, sne, nne,  
|'''t̚'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''


t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt
t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt, de, the,
|-
|-
|'''ŋ'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''


ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nque,
|'''k̚'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''


k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk
k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk, gh, ge
|}
|}


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|-
|-
|1<sup>st</sup>  Person
|1<sup>st</sup>  Person
|吾, 我, 余, 俺, 台, 朕, 阮, 咱, 剌, 僕, 婢, 偶, 厓, 祽, 𠋺
|吾<sub>[ŋu]</sub>, 我<sub>[ŋa]</sub>, 余<sub>[y]</sub>, 俺<sub>[em]</sub>, 台<sub>[i]</sub>, 朕<sub>[dɨm]</sub>, 阮<sub>[ŋi̯on]</sub>, 咱<sub>[t͡san]</sub>, 剌<sub>[lat̚]</sub>, 僕<sub>[buk̚]</sub>, 婢<sub>[bi̯e]</sub>, 偶<sub>[u]</sub>, 厓<sub>[ge]</sub>, 祽<sub>[t͡so̯u]</sub>, 偔<sub>[ŋak̚]</sub>
| rowspan="3" |Singular Pronoun + 等 [toŋ]
| rowspan="3"  style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹<sub>[zau̯]</sub>
|-
|-
|2<sup>nd</sup>  Person
|2<sup>nd</sup>  Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 儂, 恁, 儕, 子, 乃, 郎, 英, 眉
|汝<sub>[ni̯o]</sub>, 爾<sub>[nen]</sub>, 尓<sub>[ni̯e]</sub>, 迺<sub>[nai̯]</sub>, 叒<sub>[ni̯ak̚]</sub>, 君<sub>[ki̯un]</sub>, 卿<sub>[kʰi̯aŋ]</sub>, 農<sub>[nɔŋ]</sub>, 恁<sub>[nim]</sub>, 儕<sub>[ʐə]</sub>, 子<sub>[t͡si]</sub>, 倷<sub>[nə]</sub>, 㑚<sub>[nɐ]</sub>, 英<sub>[i̯aŋ]</sub>, 眉<sub>[mi]</sub>
|-
|-
|3<sup>rd</sup>  Person
|3<sup>rd</sup>  Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 黂
|伊<sub>[i]</sub>, 人<sub>[nin]</sub>, 佢<sub>[kʰøy]</sub>, 諾<sub>[nak̚]</sub>, 佗<sub>[dɔ]</sub>, 亓<sub>[gi]</sub>, 厥<sub>[ki̯ut̚]</sub>, 渠<sub>[gi̯o]</sub>, 夫<sub>[vu]</sub>, 㞢<sub>[t͡ɕi]</sub>, 伢<sub>[i̯a]</sub>, 夷<sub>[i]</sub>, 它<sub>[tʰa]</sub>, 亳<sub>[bak̚]</sub>, 㑢<sub>[kʰi̯ak̚]</sub>
|}
|}


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|-
|-
|Singular
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|這<sub>[an]</sub>, 此<sub>[t͡sʰe]</sub>, 箇<sub>[ka]</sub>, 葛<sub>[kat̚]</sub>, 益<sub>[i̯ek̚]</sub>, 遮<sub>[t͡ɕi̯a]</sub>, 是<sub>[de]</sub>, 斯<sub>[se]</sub>, 茲<sub>[zi]</sub>, 茊<sub>[ʑi]</sub>, 者<sub>[ta]</sub>, 只<sub>[t͡ɕi̯e]</sub>, 拓<sub>[tʰak̚]</sub>, 邇<sub>[ni̯e]</sub>, 即<sub>[t͡sik̚]</sub>, 呢<sub>[ni]</sub>
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|那<sub>[na]</sub>, 彼<sub>[fe]</sub>, 其<sub>[gu]</sub>, 兀<sub>[gu̯ot̚]</sub>, 個<sub>[kɔ]</sub>, 許<sub>[hi̯o]</sub>, 介<sub>[kei̯]</sub>, 乢<sub>[kap̚]</sub>, 艾<sub>[ŋai̯]</sub>, 埃<sub>[ai̯]</sub>, 改<sub>[kai̯]</sub>, 該<sub>[kɛ]</sub>, 嚀<sub>[neŋ]</sub>, 遐<sub>[ha]</sub>, 兜<sub>[tou̯]</sub>, 箕<sub>[kɨ]</sub>
|-
|-
|Plural
|Plural
| colspan="2" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
| colspan="2"  style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等<sub>[toŋ]</sub>
|}
|}
=== Interrogative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 3.3'''
|-
|What
|何, 啥, 麼, 乜, 淡, 奚, 曷, 底
|-
|Who
|誰, 疇, 孰, 誰人, 何人, 何者, 阿誰, 哪𠰻, 啥儂, 底儂,
|-
|When
|曷, 何時, 幾時, 哪久, 底時, 何時節, 當, 曷
|-
|Why
|何為, 何以, 何故, 何居, 何意, 何由, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 哪,
|-
|Where
|何處, 何許, 何方, 安, 選, 哪, 狃, 阿裡, 佗位, 哪搭, 邊
|-
|How
|何其, 如何, 奈何, 若何, 仰仔, 按怎, 做呢, 訾那, 焉, 咋,
|}
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| colspan="3" |壹層烤寬麵條
| colspan="3"  style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
|-
|壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
|層
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
|烤寬麵條
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
|-
|it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
|zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
|kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
|-
|1
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|CL
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
|lasagna
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
| colspan="3"  style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
| colspan="2" |門專業
| colspan="2"  style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
|-
|門
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
|專業
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
|-
|wun
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
|t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
|-
|(1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
|major
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |"1 major" or "a major"
| colspan="2"  style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}
|}


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With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>
With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
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