User:Ceige/Western Romance: Difference between revisions

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 * nj, jn, jl, gl (from gn, ngj, gl, kl) > nj, lj
 * unstressed interior vowels lost except pretonic /a/; happened at same time as first lenition, thus manica > manche but granica > grange
+===Diphthong and vowel-height issue===
+*ɛ and ɔ become ie and ue in French and Spanish open stressed syllables. They also become ie and ue in Spanish closed stressed syllables. They are merged in the case of Portuguese and most of Catalan.
+* In Portuguese, probably Catalan and French, and Italian, there is a tendency to distinguish by vowel height later on in the various languages depending on syllable type (e.g. closed/open).
+* Perhaps write stressed open ɔ as uè (as an example).
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language#Diphthongization_in_open_and_closed_syllables
+==Grammar==
+===Noun Declension===
+Accent marks are temporary and for etymological reasons.
+* '''-US as in ''FOCUS'' '''
+:* NOM SING ''fuègus'' (or fuègos), PLU ''fuègi''
+:* OBL SING ''fuègo'' PLU ''fuègos''
+* '''-UM as in ''GYPSUM'' '''
+:* NOM SING ''gesso~gisso'', PLU ''gessa~gissa''
+:* OBL SING ''gesso~gisso'', PLU ''gessa~gissa'' or ''gessos~gissos''
+(''The problem here is that gypsum would become either [jepso] or [jeiso]; either way, the palatalisation of [e] could shift it to [i]. The palatalised [p] variant could be a loanword too, as it normally refers to blackboard chalk, not the plaster material, and almost always appears as "giz" or an equivalent.'')
+* '''-A as in ''CAPSA'' '''
+:* NOM SING ''cassa'' PLU ''cassè''
+:* OBL PLU ''cassa'' PLU ''cassas''
+* '''-IS as in ''PISCIS'' '''
+:* NOM SING ''peisses'' PLU ''peisses''
+:* OBL SING ''peisse'' PLU ''peisses''
+(''piscis > pexe-? poisson, pêche, peje, peixe, pez'')
+* ''' ''RES'' '''
+:* NOM SING ''rés'' PLU ''rés''
+:* OBL SING ''rièm'' PLU ''rés''
+* '''-O as in ''HOMO'' '''
+:* NOM SING ''huemo'' PLU ''homnes''
+:* OBL SING ''homne'' PLU ''homnes''
+===Verb Conjugation===
+Stolen from Wikipedia:
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_verbs
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+|
+! Latin
+! [[Vulgar Latin]]
+! Spanish
+! Portuguese
+! Italian
+! French
+! '''ColloquialWestRom'''
+! FormalWestRom
+|-
+| [[Infinitive]]
+| amāre
+| *amare
+| amar
+| amar
+| amare
+| aimer
+| '''amar(e)'''
+| amare
+|------
+| '''[[Indicative mood|Indicative]]'''<br />[[Present tense|Present]]
+| amō<br />amās<br />amat<br />amāmus<br />amātis<br />amant
+| *amo<br />*amas<br />*ama<br />*amamos<br />*amates<br />*aman
+| amo<br />amas<br />ama<br />amamos<br />amáis<br />aman
+| amo<br />amas<br />ama<br />amamos<br />amais<br />amam
+| amo<br />ami<br />ama<br />amiamo<br />amate<br />amano
+| aime<br />aimes<br />aime<br />aimons<br />aimez<br />aiment
+| '''amó<br />amas<br />ama(t)<br />amamós<br />amais<br />aman(t)'''
+| amo<br />amas<br />amat<br />amamos<br />amaðes<br />amant
+|-
+| [[Preterite]]
+| amāvī<br />amāvistī<br />amāvit<br />amāvimus<br />amāvistis<br />amāvērunt
+| *amai<br />*amasti<br />*amau<br />*amammos<br />*amastes<br />*amaron
+| amé<br />amaste<br />amó<br />amamos<br />amasteis<br />amaron
+| amei<br />amaste<br />amou<br />amamos<br />amastes<br />amaram
+| amai<br />amasti<br />amò<br />amammo<br />amaste<br />amarono
+| aimai<br />aimas<br />aima<br />aimâmes<br />aimâtes<br />aimèrent<sup>1</sup>
+| '''amai<br />amaste<br />amau(t)<br />amamos<br />amastes<br />amaron(t)'''
+| amai<br />amaesti<br />amaet<br />amaemos<br />amaestes<br />amaeront
+|-
+| [[Imperfect]]
+| amābam<br />amābās<br />amābat<br />amābāmus<br />amābātis<br />amābant
+| *amabã<br />*amabas<br />*amaba<br />*amabamos<br />*amabates<br />*amaban
+| amaba<br />amabas<br />amaba<br />amábamos<br />amabais<br />amaban
+| amava<br />amavas<br />amava<br />amávamos<br />amáveis<br />amavam
+| amavo<br />amavi<br />amava<br />amavamo<br />amavate<br />amavano
+| aimais<br />aimais<br />aimait<br />aimions<br />aimiez<br />aimaient
+| '''amava<br />amavas<br />amava(t)<br />amavamos<br />amavais<br />amavant'''
+| amava<br />amavas<br />amavat<br />amavamos<br />amavaðes<br />amavant
+|-
+| [[Pluperfect]]
+| amāveram<br />amāveras<br />amāverat<br />amāverāmus<br />amāverātis<br />amāverant
+| *amara<br />*amaras<br />*amara<br />*amaramos<br />*amarates<br />*amaran
+| amara<br />amaras<br />amara<br />amáramos<br />amarais<br />amaran<sup>2</sup>
+| amara<br />amaras<br />amara<br />amáramos<br />amáreis<br />amaram
+|    <br />   <br /> -
+|    <br />   <br /> -
+| '''amara<br />amaras<br />amara(t)<br />amaramos<br />amarais<br />amarant'''
+| amara<br />amaras<br />amarat<br />amaramos<br />amaraðes<br />amaront
+|-
+| [[Future]]<sup>7</sup>
+| amābō<br />amābis<br />amābit<br />amābimus<br />amābitis<br />amābunt
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+|-
+| [[Future perfect]]
+| amāverō<br />amāveris<br />amāverit<br />amāverimus<br />amāveritis<br />amāverint
+| *amare<br />*amares<br />*amare<br />*amaremos<br />*amaretes<br />*amaren
+| amare<br />amares<br />amare<br />amáremos<br />amareis<br />amaren<sup>3,6</sup>
+| amar<br />amares<br />amar<br />amarmos<br />amardes<br />amarem<sup>3</sup>
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| amare<br />amares<br />amare<br />amaremos<br />amareis<br />amarent
+| amaro<br />amares<br />amaret<br />amaremos<br />amareðes<br />amarent
+|-
+| '''[[Subjunctive mood|Subjunctive]]'''<br />Present
+| amem<br />amēs<br />amet<br />amēmus<br />amētis<br />ament
+| *amẽ<br />*ames<br />*ame<br />*amemos<br />*ametes<br />*amen
+| ame<br />ames<br />ame<br />amemos<br />améis<br />amen
+| ame<br />ames<br />ame<br />amemos<br />ameis<br />amem
+| ami<br />ami<br />ami<br />amiamo<br />amiate<br />amino
+| aime<br />aimes<br />aime<br />aimions<br />aimiez<br />aiment
+| ame<br />ames<br />amet<br />amemos<br />ameis<br />ament
+| ame<br />ames<br />amet<br />amemos<br />ameðes<br />ament
+|-
+| Perfect
+| amāverim<br />amāveris<br />amaverit<br />amāverimus<br />amāveritis<br />amāverint
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+|-
+| Imperfect
+| amārem<br />amārēs<br />amāret<br />amārēmus<br />amārētis<br />amārent
+| *amarẽ<br />*amares<br />*amare<br />*amaremos<br />*amaretes<br />*amaren
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| amar<br />amares<br />amar<br />amarmos<br />amardes<br />amarem<sup>4</sup>
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| <br />   <br /> -
+| amare<br />amares<br />amaret<br />amaremos<br />amareðes<br />amarent
+|-
+| Pluperfect
+| amāvissem<br />amāvissēs<br />amāvisset<br />amāvissēmus<br />amāvissētis<br />amāvissent
+| *amassẽ<br />*amasses<br />*amasse<br />*amassemos<br />*amassetes<br />*amassen
+| amase<br />amases<br />amase<br />amásemos<br />amáseis<br />amasen<sup>5</sup>
+| amasse<br />amasses<br />amasse<br />amássemos<br />amásseis<br />amassem<sup>5</sup>
+| amassi<br />amassi<br />amasse<br />amassimo<br />amaste<br />amassero<sup>5</sup>
+| aimasse<br />aimasses<br />aimât<br />aimassions<br />aimassiez<br />aimassent<sup>5,6</sup>
+| amasse<br />amasses<br />amasse<br />amassemos<br />amasseis<br />amassent
+| amaesse<br />amaesses<br />amaesset<br />amaessemos<br />amaesseðes<br />amaessent
+|}
+<small>
+# Literary.
+# Its meaning has mostly shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in modern Spanish. It is now usually interchangeable with ''amase'', ''amases'', ''amase'', etc. Nevertheless, a few rare uses as a pluperfect subsist.
+# Its meaning has shifted to that of a future subjunctive in Spanish and Portuguese.
+# Reanalysed as a personal infinitive. See [[#Semantic changes|below]].
+# Its meaning has shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in most Romance languages. But note the normal use, in modern south-eastern Umbrian of ''amassimo'' instead of standard Italian ''amammo'' to express an indicative past perfect.
+# Disused.
+# The [[future tense|future indicative tense]] of the modern languages does not derive from the Latin form (which tended to be confounded with the preterite due to sound changes in Vulgar Latin), but rather from an infinitive + HABEO periphrasis, later [[grammaticalisation|reanalysed]] as a simple tense.
+</small>
+===Copula===
+'''Indicative'''
+*Present
+: soc > sòi; estòi
+*Perfect/Pret
+: fui; estai?~estive
+*Imperfect
+: ero; estava
+*Pluperfect
+: fuera; estiv(i)era?
+*Future
+: (es)seraio~(es)serai; estaraio~estarai
+'''Subjunctive'''
+*Present
+: se(j)a, sea, se, sei
+*Perfect
+: fuere, fuera?
+*Imperfect
+: esser-?
+*Pluperfect
+: fuisse, fuesse?