Maryan Coptic: Difference between revisions
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! Close | ! Close | ||
| | | i<ref>Loanwords only</ref> iː || || || u<ref>Loanwords only</ref> uː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Close-mid | ! Close-mid | ||
| | | e<ref>Loanwords only</ref> eː || || || o<ref>Loanwords only</ref> oː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
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|+ Diphthongs | |+ Diphthongs | ||
! IPA | ! IPA | ||
| [äi̯] || [äu̯] || [ɛi̯]<ref>Loanwords only</ref> || [ɛu̯] || [eːi̯] || [eːu̯] || [əi̯] || [iːu̯] || [ɔi̯] || [ɔu̯] || [oːi̯] || [oːu̯] | | [äi̯] || [äu̯] || [ɛi̯]<ref>Loanwords only</ref> || [ɛu̯] || [eːi̯] || [eːu̯] || [əi̯] || [əu̯]<ref>Construct verbs only</ref> || [iːu̯] || [ɔi̯] || [ɔu̯] || [oːi̯] || [oːu̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Coptic script | ! Coptic script | ||
| {{cop|ⲁⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲁⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲉⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲉⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲏⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲏⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲉⲓ}}, {{cop|ⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲓⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲟⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲟⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲱⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲱⲩ}} | | {{cop|ⲁⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲁⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲉⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲉⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲏⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲏⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲉⲓ}}, {{cop|ⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲉⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲓⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲟⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲟⲩ}} || {{cop|ⲱⲓ}} || {{cop|ⲱⲩ}} | ||
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Maryan uses a [[w:Stress_(linguistics)#Lexical_stress|lexical stress]] system. The primary stress is always found either on the [[w:Penult|penult]] or the [[w:Ultima_(linguistics)|ultima]], depending on the vowels present, and the secondary stress is always found at least two syllables before the primary stress, usually in conjugated verbs and compound nouns. However, borrowed loanwords tend to break this pattern, as Maryan Coptic attempts to preserve the stress from the loanword's source language. Fortunately, inherited loanwords are constructed specifically to fit Maryan's native stress system, making their stress patterns more predictable than direct borrowings. | Maryan uses a [[w:Stress_(linguistics)#Lexical_stress|lexical stress]] system. The primary stress is always found either on the [[w:Penult|penult]] or the [[w:Ultima_(linguistics)|ultima]], depending on the vowels present, and the secondary stress is always found at least two syllables before the primary stress, usually in conjugated verbs and compound nouns. However, borrowed loanwords tend to break this pattern, as Maryan Coptic attempts to preserve the stress from the loanword's source language. Fortunately, inherited loanwords are constructed specifically to fit Maryan's native stress system, making their stress patterns more predictable than direct borrowings. | ||
Every vowel, aside from ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}), are | Every vowel, aside from ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}), are 'strong vowels' and can indicate the primary stress of a word. ''alpha'' ({{cop|ⲁ}}) and ''o'' ({{cop|ⲟ}}) are 'short strong' vowels, and ''eta'' ({{cop|ⲏ}}), ''iota'' ({{cop|ⲓ}}), ''u'' ({{cop|ⲩ}}), and ''ou'' ({{cop|ⲱ}}) are 'long strong' vowels. ''Ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}), and sometimes ''iota'' ({{cop|ⲓ}}), are 'weak vowels' and are primarily unstressed if a strong vowel is present. In verb forms, the verb root is always given the primary stress. | ||
* {{cop|'''Ⲭⲏⲙⲉ'''}} (Egypt): {{IPA|/ˈkʰeːmə/}} | * {{cop|'''Ⲭⲏⲙⲉ'''}} (Egypt): {{IPA|/ˈkʰeːmə/}} | ||
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* {{cop|'''Ⲉⲥⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ'''}} (Esnofre [female-given name]): {{IPA|/əsˈnɔfɾə/}} | * {{cop|'''Ⲉⲥⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ'''}} (Esnofre [female-given name]): {{IPA|/əsˈnɔfɾə/}} | ||
If multiple strong vowels are found in a word, usually from agglutination, | If multiple strong vowels are found in a word, usually from agglutination, the final strong vowel or root word gets the primary stress, and any remaining long vowels are shortened. The main exception is if the final vowel is a strong ''u'' ({{cop|ⲩ}}) and the penult vowel is either ''alpha'' ({{cop|ⲁ}}) or ''o'' ({{cop|ⲟ}}). Other exceptions may occur in more formal registers of speech, leaving long vowels in unstressed positions. | ||
* {{cop|'''ϯⲙⲁ'''}} (to allow): {{IPA|/ | * {{cop|'''ϯⲙⲁ'''}} (to allow): {{IPA|/tiːˈmaʔ/}} | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲁⲙⲁⲓⲩ'''}} (seas): {{IPA|/ | * {{cop|'''ⲁⲙⲁⲓⲩ'''}} (seas): {{IPA|/aˈmajjuː/}} | ||
* {{cop|'''ϫⲱⲣⲁⲥⲡⲉ'''}} (linguistics): | * {{cop|'''ϫⲱⲣⲁⲥⲡⲉ'''}} (linguistics): {{IPA|/t͡ʃoːɾˈaspə/}} | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲧⲏϩⲓⲙⲉ'''}} (that woman): | * {{cop|'''ⲧⲏϩⲓⲙⲉ'''}} (that woman): {{IPA|/teːˈhiːmə/}} | ||
If a short strong vowel is found on the penult and the ultima contains one onset consonant, then | If a short strong vowel is found on the penult and the ultima contains one onset consonant, then a glottal stop acts as a coda for the stressed syllable. If the stressed syllable's coda is a ''iota'' ({{cop|ⲓ}}) or ''u'' ({{cop|ⲩ}}), then the consonant is geminated. | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲥⲁϫⲉ'''}} (to speak): {{IPA|/ | * {{cop|'''ⲥⲁϫⲉ'''}} (to speak): {{IPA|/ˈsaʔt͡ʃə/}} | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲁⲧⲟⲩⲉ'''}} (morning): {{IPA|/aˈtɔwwə/}} | |||
* {{cop|'''ⳣⲟⲓⲉ'''}} (farmer): {{IPA|/ˈwɔjjə/}} | * {{cop|'''ⳣⲟⲓⲉ'''}} (farmer): {{IPA|/ˈwɔjjə/}} | ||
* {{cop|''' | * {{cop|'''ⲟⲛⲉⲛ'''}} (chin): {{IPA|/ˈɔʔnən/}} | ||
* {{cop|'''ϣⲁⲣⲉ'''}} (to hit): {{IPA|/ | * {{cop|'''ϣⲁⲣⲉ'''}} (to hit): {{IPA|/ˈʃaʔɾə/}} | ||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
All adjectives are placed after the noun they modify and agree to nouns in terms of gender (masculine/feminine). Most feminine forms of adjectives end in either ''ei'' (ⲉ) or a long vowel. | All adjectives are placed after the noun they modify and agree to nouns in terms of gender (masculine/feminine). Most feminine forms of adjectives end in either ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}) or a long vowel. | ||
Adjectives ending in a consonant | Adjectives ending in a consonant decline to their feminine form by adding the feminine ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}) suffix. In adjectives descended from the qualitative case of class 5 verbs, ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}) and the final consonant undergo metathesis. | ||
* {{cop|'''ⳣⲏⲛ'''}} (open) > {{cop|'''ⳣⲏⲛⲉ'''}} | * {{cop|'''ⳣⲏⲛ'''}} (''wēn'', open) > {{cop|'''ⳣⲏⲛⲉ'''}} (''wēne'') | ||
* {{cop|'''ϩⲟⲗϫ'''}} (sweet) > {{cop|'''ϩⲟⲗϫⲉ'''}} | * {{cop|'''ϩⲟⲗϫ'''}} (''holc'', sweet) > {{cop|'''ϩⲟⲗϫⲉ'''}} (''holce'') | ||
* {{cop|''' | * {{cop|'''ⲁⲩⲓⲛ'''}} (''auin'', yellow) > {{cop|'''ⲁⲩⲓⲛⲉ'''}} (''auine'') | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲗⲁϧⲉⲙ'''}} (''laḫem'') boiled) > {{cop|'''ⲗⲁϧⲙⲉ'''}} (''laḫme'') | |||
* {{cop|'''ϧⲟⲧⲉⲗ'''}} (''ḫotel'') various) > {{cop|'''ϧⲟⲑⲗⲉ'''}} (''ḫotʰle'') | |||
Adjectives with a long vowel and ending in ''ei'' (ⲉ) are prone to replacing their long vowel with a short equivalent and a consonant, usually ''ro'' (ⲣ) and sometimes ''tau'' (ⲧ). The exact consonant is largely unpredictable without historical context. | Adjectives with a long vowel and ending in ''ei'' ({{cop|ⲉ}}) are prone to replacing their long vowel with a short equivalent and a consonant, usually ''ro'' ({{cop|ⲣ}}) and sometimes ''tau'' ({{cop|ⲧ}}). The exact consonant is largely unpredictable without historical context. | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲙⲏⲧⲉ'''}} (central) > {{cop|'''ⲙⲁⲑⲣⲉ'''}} (from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''mtr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈmøtɾə/}}) | * {{cop|'''ⲙⲏⲧⲉ'''}} (''mēte'', central) > {{cop|'''ⲙⲁⲑⲣⲉ'''}} (''matʰre'') (from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''mtr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈmøtɾə/}}) | ||
* {{cop|'''ϩⲏⲕⲉ'''}} (hungry) > {{cop|'''ϩⲁⲭⲣⲉ'''}} (from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''ḥqr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈħøqʼɾə/}}) | * {{cop|'''ϩⲏⲕⲉ'''}} (''hēke'', hungry) > {{cop|'''ϩⲁⲭⲣⲉ'''}} (''hakʰre'', from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''ḥqr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈħøqʼɾə/}}) | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲣⲱⲙⲉ'''}} (human) > {{cop|'''ⲣⲟⲙⲧⲉ'''}} (from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''rmṯ.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈɾamtə/}}) | * {{cop|'''ⲣⲱⲙⲉ'''}} (''rōme'', human) > {{cop|'''ⲣⲟⲙⲧⲉ'''}} (''romte'', from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''rmṯ.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈɾamtə/}}) | ||
* {{cop|'''ⲧⲱϣⲉ'''}} (dark red) > {{cop|'''ⲧⲁϣⲣⲉ'''}} (from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''dšr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈtʼaʃɾə/}}) | * {{cop|'''ⲧⲱϣⲉ'''}} (''tōše'', dark red) > {{cop|'''ⲧⲁϣⲣⲉ'''}} (''tašre'', from pseudo-Late Egyptian ''dšr.t'' *{{IPA|/ˈtʼaʃɾə/}}) | ||
All Greek-derived adjectives have a masculine declension of {{cop|-ⲟⲥ}} (''-os'') and a feminine declension of {{cop|-ⲏ}} (''-ē''). | |||
* {{cop|'''ⲁⲝⲓⲟⲥ'''}} (''axios'', worthy) > {{cop|'''ⲁⲝⲓⲏ'''}} (''axiē'') | |||
* {{cop|'''ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲟⲥ'''}} (''koinos'', common) > {{cop|'''ⲕⲟⲓⲛⲏ'''}} (''koinē'') | |||
* {{cop|'''ⲧⲟⲡⲓⲕⲟⲥ'''}} (''topikos'', local) > {{cop|'''ⲧⲟⲡⲓⲕⲏ'''}} (''topikē'') | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||