Niemish: Difference between revisions

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Line 10:

|name = Niemish

|nativename = Nimsk

|pronunciation = /nʲimsk/

|pronunciation = nʲimsk

|creator = [[User:Tardigrade]]

|creator = User:Tardigrade

~~</small>~~

|created = 2015

|setting =

|familycolor = Indo-European

~~|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]~~

|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]

|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]

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| ([[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]) ⟨dsz⟩

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]

! rowspan="3" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]

! {{small|voiceless}}

! rowspan=2 | {{small|voiceless}}

| [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ || fʲ ⟨fj⟩

| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ || rowspan=2 | fʲ ⟨fj⟩

| [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|θ]] ⟨th⟩ || [[w:Voiceless dental sibilant|θʲ]] ⟨thj⟩

| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|ʃ]] ⟨sz⟩

| rowspan=2 | xʲ ⟨chj⟩ || rowspan=2 | [[w:/x/|x]] ⟨ch⟩

| rowspan=2 | [[w:/h/|h]] ⟨h⟩

|-

| [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|s̪]] ⟨s⟩ || [[w:Voiceless dental sibilant|sʲ]] ⟨sj⟩

~~| [[w:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|ʃ]] ⟨sz⟩~~

~~| xʲ ⟨chj⟩ || [[w:/x/|x]] ⟨ch⟩~~

~~| [[w:/h/|h]] ⟨h⟩~~

|-

! {{small|voiced}}

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| /ɛ, eː/

!

| ⟨be⟩ || ⟨je⟩ || ~~⟨hä⟩~~ || ⟨e⟩

| ⟨be⟩ || ⟨je⟩ || ⟨he⟩ || ⟨e⟩

|-

| /ə, ɨː/ || ⟨by⟩

Line 1,436:

Line 1,435:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰#Gothic|*platja]]'' → ''*plattsa'' → ''[[Contionary:platz#Niemish|plàtz]]''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' → ''*daddzan'' → ''dazond''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|skaþjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''skadjan'' → ''*skaddzan'' → ''skazond''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|skaþjan]]'' → ''*~~skæþþjan~~'' → ''*~~skættjan~~'' → ''~~skaczond~~''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|báidjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''báiþjan'' → ''*bēþþjan'' → ''*bēttjan'' → ''beczond''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|láisjan]]'' → ''*lēʃʃan'' → ''leszond''

*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|aíkkleizjō]]'' → ''*klīʒʒō'' → ''[[Contionary:klizsza#Niemish|klízsza]]''

The prepalatal gemination was a very early sound change, likely beginning in late Post-Gothic itself. The coronal palatalisation is also found in early Romance and what little is attested of the closely related [[w:Vandalic_language|Vandalic language]].

It is thought that ''dj'' initially became */ddz/ before /z/, both because it patterns with ''tj'' → /tts/ and because Gothic ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazond''~~; had~~ degeminated /z/ arisen in ~~the~~ Post-Gothic ~~period~~, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasond''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.

It is thought that ''dj'' initially became */ddz/ before (after the Post-Gothic period had ceased) /z/, both because it patterns with ''tj'' → /tts/ and because Gothic ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazond''. Had degeminated /z/ arisen in Post-Gothic, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasond''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.

The voiceless fricative ''þj'' was stopped to /tj/ later, during the Middle Niemish period.

Line 1,575:

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The second umlaut affected Post-Gothic long ''ái'' and ''ei'' slightly differently. When followed by a plain consonant (or when not followed by a front vowel in the following syllable in the ''second umlaut first hypothesis'') , ''ái'' [ɛː] was broken to first [jɛ] then lowered to [ja], and ''ei'' [[Niemish#Emergence_of_/ɨː/|was lowered to /ɨː/]]:

Second umlaut was unable to occur in ja- or ju-stem nouns, and only occured in the singular of i- and u-stems. '''This gave rise to the three stems all Niemish masculine nouns belong to: ''hard'' (a-stems), ''soft'' (ja- and u-stems) and ''mixed'' (i- and u-stems).'''

Second umlaut was unable to occur in ja- or ju-stem nouns, and only occured in the singular of i- and u-stems. '''This gave rise to the three stems all Niemish masculine nouns belong to: ''hard'' (a-stems), ''soft'' (ja- and ju-stems) and ''mixed'' (i- and u-stems).'''

Feminine nouns either underwent the second umlaut in all inflected forms (jō-, jōn- and ein-stems) or not at all (all others). Thus as with first umlaut, vowel alternations due to second umlaut do not occur in feminine nouns. Note that ''ái'' [ɛː] is not considered a front vowel for the purposes of second umlaut; the umlaut was also predicated on vowel height and ''ái'' as a low vowel could trigger second umlaut:

Line 1,592:

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*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''{{term|į#Niemish|į́}}'' ("in")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunstiz#Proto-Germanic|*kunstiz]]'' → ''{{term|kųst#Niemish|kųst}}'' ("art")

*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|~~ą̀chor~~]]'' ("bucket")

*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''*amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą́chor]]'' ("bucket")

After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes.

Subsequently, simple /n/ was lost before liquid consonants /l, m, r/ with compensatory gemination of the liquid consonant:

*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽#Gothic|*láuna]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''lonling'' → ''lǫlling''

*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽#Gothic|*láuna]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''lonling'' → ''lǫlling'' ("small change, petty cash")

This did not happen to geminated /n/:

Line 1,661:

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****P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skurtijǭ#Proto-Germanic|*skurtijǭ]]'' → Post-Got. ''skaúrtjō'' → ''skaúrʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:skorcza#Niemish|skórcza]]'' ("apron")

*****Lat. ''[[wikt:Martius#Latin|Martius]]'' → Post-Got. ''marti'' → ''marʦ'' → ''[[Contionary:marcz#Niemish|márcz]]'' ("March")

******Grk. ''[[wikt:χαρτί#Greek|χαρτία]]'' → Post-Got. ''hartjō'' → ''harʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:harcza#Niemish|hárcza]]'' ("paper")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūs#Proto-Germanic|*mūs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:musz#Niemish|músz]]'' ("mouse")

**Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃#Gothic|*hūs]]'' → Post-Got. ''hūz'' → ''[[Contionary:huzsz#Niemish|húzsz]]'' ("house")

Line 1,680:

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*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spiltaz#Proto-Germanic|*spiltaz]]'' → ''{{term|spilt#Niemish|spílt}}'' /ʃpʲilt/ ("spelt, emmer")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/strīdaz#Proto-Germanic|*strīdaz]]'' → ''{{term|strid#Niemish|stríd}}'' /ʃtrʲid/ ("battle")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwergaz#Proto-Germanic|*dwergaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''dwaírχs'' → ''{{term|zwiarch#Niemish|zwiárch}}'' /ʒvʲarx/ ("dwarf")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstwis]] [[wikt:𐌸𐌹𐍃#Gothic|þis]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstáus þis'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wúrstes}}'' /ˈwurʃtʲɪs/ ("of the deed")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwergaz#Proto-Germanic|*dwergaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''dwaírχs'' → ''{{term|zwiarch#Niemish|zwiárch}}'' /ʒvʲarx/ ("dwarf, gnome")

====Emergence of /ɨː/====

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 |name = Niemish
 |nativename = Nimsk
-|pronunciation = /nʲimsk/
+|pronunciation = nʲimsk
-|creator = [[User:Tardigrade]]
+|creator = User:Tardigrade
-</small>
 |created = 2015
 |setting =
 |familycolor = Indo-European
-|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
 |fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
 |fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
@@ Line 84: / Line 81: @@
 | ([[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]) ⟨dsz⟩
 |-
-! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]
+! rowspan="3" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]
-! {{small|voiceless}}
+! rowspan=2 | {{small|voiceless}}
-| [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ || fʲ ⟨fj⟩
+| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ || rowspan=2 | fʲ ⟨fj⟩
+| [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|θ]] ⟨th⟩ || [[w:Voiceless dental sibilant|θʲ]] ⟨thj⟩
+| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|ʃ]] ⟨sz⟩
+| rowspan=2 | xʲ ⟨chj⟩ || rowspan=2 | [[w:/x/|x]] ⟨ch⟩
+| rowspan=2 | [[w:/h/|h]] ⟨h⟩
+|-
 | [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|s̪]] ⟨s⟩ || [[w:Voiceless dental sibilant|sʲ]] ⟨sj⟩
-| [[w:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|ʃ]] ⟨sz⟩
-| xʲ ⟨chj⟩ || [[w:/x/|x]] ⟨ch⟩
-| [[w:/h/|h]] ⟨h⟩
 |-
 ! {{small|voiced}}
@@ Line 192: / Line 191: @@
 | /ɛ, eː/
 !
-| ⟨be⟩ || ⟨je⟩ || ⟨hä⟩ || ⟨e⟩
+| ⟨be⟩ || ⟨je⟩ || ⟨he⟩ || ⟨e⟩
 |-
 | /ə, ɨː/ || ⟨by⟩
@@ Line 1,436: / Line 1,435: @@
 *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰#Gothic|*platja]]'' → ''*plattsa'' → ''[[Contionary:platz#Niemish|plàtz]]''
 *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' → ''*daddzan'' → ''dazond''
+*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|skaþjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''skadjan'' → ''*skaddzan'' → ''skazond''
-*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|skaþjan]]'' → ''*skæþþjan'' → ''*skættjan'' → ''skaczond''
+*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|báidjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''báiþjan'' → ''*bēþþjan'' → ''*bēttjan'' → ''beczond''
 *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|láisjan]]'' → ''*lēʃʃan'' → ''leszond''
 *Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|aíkkleizjō]]'' → ''*klīʒʒō'' → ''[[Contionary:klizsza#Niemish|klízsza]]''
 The prepalatal gemination was a very early sound change, likely beginning in late Post-Gothic itself. The coronal palatalisation is also found in early Romance and what little is attested of the closely related [[w:Vandalic_language|Vandalic language]].
-It is thought that ''dj'' initially became */ddz/ before /z/, both because it patterns with ''tj'' → /tts/ and because Gothic ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazond''; had degeminated /z/ arisen in the Post-Gothic period, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasond''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.
+It is thought that ''dj'' initially became */ddz/ before (after the Post-Gothic period had ceased) /z/, both because it patterns with ''tj'' → /tts/ and because Gothic ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazond''. Had degeminated /z/ arisen in Post-Gothic, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasond''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.
 The voiceless fricative ''þj'' was stopped to /tj/ later, during the Middle Niemish period.
@@ Line 1,575: / Line 1,571: @@
 The second umlaut affected Post-Gothic long ''ái'' and ''ei'' slightly differently. When followed by a plain consonant (or when not followed by a front vowel in the following syllable in the ''second umlaut first hypothesis'') , ''ái'' [ɛː] was broken to first [jɛ] then lowered to [ja], and ''ei'' [[Niemish#Emergence_of_/ɨː/|was lowered to /ɨː/]]:
-Second umlaut was unable to occur in ja- or ju-stem nouns, and only occured in the singular of i- and u-stems. '''This gave rise to the three stems all Niemish masculine nouns belong to: ''hard'' (a-stems), ''soft'' (ja- and u-stems) and ''mixed'' (i- and u-stems).'''
+Second umlaut was unable to occur in ja- or ju-stem nouns, and only occured in the singular of i- and u-stems. '''This gave rise to the three stems all Niemish masculine nouns belong to: ''hard'' (a-stems), ''soft'' (ja- and ju-stems) and ''mixed'' (i- and u-stems).'''
 Feminine nouns either underwent the second umlaut in all inflected forms (jō-, jōn- and ein-stems) or not at all (all others). Thus as with first umlaut, vowel alternations due to second umlaut do not occur in feminine nouns. Note that ''ái'' [ɛː] is not considered a front vowel for the purposes of second umlaut; the umlaut was also predicated on vowel height and ''ái'' as a low vowel could trigger second umlaut:
@@ Line 1,592: / Line 1,588: @@
 *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''{{term|į#Niemish|į́}}'' ("in")
 *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunstiz#Proto-Germanic|*kunstiz]]'' → ''{{term|kųst#Niemish|kųst}}'' ("art")
-*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą̀chor]]'' ("bucket")
+*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''*amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą́chor]]'' ("bucket")
 After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes.
 Subsequently, simple /n/ was lost before liquid consonants /l, m, r/ with compensatory gemination of the liquid consonant:
-*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽#Gothic|*láuna]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''lonling'' → ''lǫlling''
+*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽#Gothic|*láuna]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''lonling'' → ''lǫlling'' ("small change, petty cash")
 This did not happen to geminated /n/:
@@ Line 1,661: / Line 1,657: @@
 ****P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skurtijǭ#Proto-Germanic|*skurtijǭ]]'' → Post-Got. ''skaúrtjō'' → ''skaúrʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:skorcza#Niemish|skórcza]]'' ("apron")
 *****Lat. ''[[wikt:Martius#Latin|Martius]]'' → Post-Got. ''marti'' → ''marʦ'' → ''[[Contionary:marcz#Niemish|márcz]]'' ("March")
+******Grk. ''[[wikt:χαρτί#Greek|χαρτία]]'' → Post-Got. ''hartjō'' → ''harʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:harcza#Niemish|hárcza]]'' ("paper")
 *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūs#Proto-Germanic|*mūs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:musz#Niemish|músz]]'' ("mouse")
 **Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃#Gothic|*hūs]]''  → Post-Got. ''hūz'' → ''[[Contionary:huzsz#Niemish|húzsz]]'' ("house")
@@ Line 1,680: / Line 1,677: @@
 *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spiltaz#Proto-Germanic|*spiltaz]]'' → ''{{term|spilt#Niemish|spílt}}'' /ʃpʲilt/ ("spelt, emmer")
 *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/strīdaz#Proto-Germanic|*strīdaz]]'' → ''{{term|strid#Niemish|stríd}}'' /ʃtrʲid/ ("battle")
-*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwergaz#Proto-Germanic|*dwergaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''dwaírχs'' → ''{{term|zwiarch#Niemish|zwiárch}}'' /ʒvʲarx/ ("dwarf")
+*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstwis]] [[wikt:𐌸𐌹𐍃#Gothic|þis]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstáus þis'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wúrstes}}'' /ˈwurʃtʲɪs/ ("of the deed")
+*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwergaz#Proto-Germanic|*dwergaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''dwaírχs'' → ''{{term|zwiarch#Niemish|zwiárch}}'' /ʒvʲarx/ ("dwarf, gnome")
 ====Emergence of /ɨː/====