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:[[Æ/Lexicon]]
{{List subpages}}


{{Infobox language
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (natively ''jạrq Æ'' [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ ''eh'') is a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese. It belongs to the Rieng-Chrâtt language family. It is spoken in the country of ''Ta{{cdb}}j Vŭ{{tilde}}r'' (lit. the northern land).
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = jarb-jarb Æ
|pronunciation= /jaˁʱjaˁʱ ɛ/
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|familycolor=lakovic
|fam1=[[Lakovic]]
|script=Windermere script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ɛ/ ''eh'' is a tonal language inspired by Danish (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language).
{{SUBPAGENAME}} used to be written in a native logography, but today it uses an initial-and-rime orthography developed from a fanqie system; the newer orthography is natively named after Lád Ăr Tå{{acute}}vq, who published a large volume of poetry using the system.


==Phonology==
== Todo ==
===Consonants===
Morph into Æ
'''p t tj k f s h m n ng l zj r v j''' /p t t͡ɕ k f s x m n ŋ l ɹ ʀ v j/
<poem>
Chè mè trìa khuất phóng lươm,
Áng về xoắt huận trừ đườm đẽo ganh.
Thẫm hường ngơ nghẻ dổi nành,
Nghiểu bêm liệp lặn tỷ thanh dói rừ.


===Vowels===
Gib with lots of từ láy: chè mè (m-), đườm đẽo (-eoC), ngơ nghẻ (-eC), liệp lặn (-ănB)
Khmerization conditioned by initial voicing:  
</poem>
* Proto-Tumhanic i > ɪ/i (RTR/ATR) > e/i
 
* Proto-Tumhanic u > ʊ/u > ů/u
''Ýr můj můj (můj mæ̉m)! Mæ̣rq dræ̊̀ blỏv blúq!'' 'Don't be so greedy! You have enough!'
* Proto-Tumhanic o > ɔ/o > o/ø
 
* Proto-Tumhanic ā > ɑ > ɒ/øə > å/æ̊
== Diachronics sketch ==
* Proto-Tumhanic e > ɛ/e > a/æ
Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vq -øm/vq -ym/vq
* Proto-Tumhanic a > ɐ > a/u
 
TODO: Finals should affect this somewhat
== Broad phonology ==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
=== Initials ===
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
'''b d bl gl gj g f s fl sl t hj h m n nj ng l lj r v j 0''' /p t pl tɬ c k f s fl ɬ ts ç h m n {{ñ}} ŋ l ʎ ʁ v j~z ʔ/
 
=== Vowels ===
Æ has 13 nuclei: i y ŭ u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ ɨ{{long}} u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ{{long}} ɔ/
 
=== Finals ===
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m -q -jq -vq -dq -rq -nq -mq /-0 -j -w -ð -ɐ̯ -ŋ -wŋ͡m -ʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ðʔ -ɐ̯ʔ -ŋʔ -wŋ͡mʔ/
==== Origins of finals ====
* -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
* -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
* -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
* -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
* -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
* -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
* -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
 
(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)
 
=== Tones ===
8 tones, 2 of which have stød
==== Tone box ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!A (null/voiced coda)
!B (glottal stop coda)
!C (fricative coda)
!D (voiceless stop coda)
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
!Modal initial
! colspan="4" |Front
|a (Hanoi ''ngang'')
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Central
|á (Hanoi nonentering ''sắc'')
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Back
|ả (Hanoi ''hỏi'')
|áq (High tone with stød)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
!Breathy initial
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
|à (Hanoi ''huyền'')
|ạ (Saigon ''nặng'')
|ã (Hanoi ''ngã'')
|ạq (Low tone with stød)
|}
 
== Narrow phonology ==
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible
=== Initials ===
Initials are close to their broad transcriptions in Standard Æ.
 
One major dialect has r- = (true pharyngeal) [ħ], Cr = [Cʰ]
 
=== Rimes with no -r- medial ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
! colspan="13"|Nucleus
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
!/æː/
| '''i''' /i/
!/æ/
| '''ir''' /iˤ/
!/ɛ/
|
!/œ/
|
!/ɔ/
| '''u''' /ɨ/
!/e/
| '''ur''' /ɨˤ/
!/ø/
| '''ů''' /u/
!/o/
| '''ůr''' /uˤ/
!/i/
!/y/
!/u/
!/ɨː/
!/ɨ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! rowspan="8"|Coda
| '''e''' /e/
! /0/
| '''er''' /eˤ/
| [ɛː]<br/>''a''
| '''ø''' /ø/
| -
|  
| [eː]<br/>''æ''
|  
| [œ̝ː]<br/>''æ̊''
|  
| [ɔ̽ː]<br/>''å''
| '''o''' /o/
| [e̝ː]<br/>''e''
| '''or''' /oˤ/
| [øː]<br/>''ø''
| [o̝ː]<br/>''o''
| [iː]<br/>''i''
| [yː]<br/>''y''
| [uː]<br/>''ů''
| [ɨː]<br/>''u''
| -
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! /j(ʔ)/
| '''æ''' /ɛ/
| [ɛːj]<br/>''aj''
| '''ær''' /ɛˤ/
| [ɑ̈j]<br/>''ăj''
| '''æ̊''' /œ/
| -
| '''æ̊r, ør''' /œˤ/
| -
| '''a''' /a/
| [ɒ̽ːj]<br/>''åj''
| '''ar''' /aˤ/
| -
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| -
| '''år''' /ɔˤ/
| [oːj]<br/>''oj''
|}
| -
 
| -
===Tones===
| [uːj]<br/>''ůj''
Æ has four register phonations or tones:
| [ɨːj]<br/>''uj''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| [əj]<br/>''ŭj''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} tones'''
|-
! /w(ʔ)/
| [ɛːw]<br/>''av''
| [æw]<br/>''ăv''
| [eːw]<br/>''æv''
| [œːw]<br/>''æ̊v''
| [ɔ̽ːw]<br/>''åv''
| [e̝ːw]<br/>''ev''
| [øːw]<br/>''øv''
| -
| [iːw]<br/>''iv''
| [yːw]<br/>''yv''
| -
| [ɨːw]<br/>''uv''
| [əw]<br/>''ŭv''
|-
|-
! Spelling
! /ð(ʔ)/
! Tone
| [ɛːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ad''
! Example
| [æð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ăd''
! IPA
| [eːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æd''
! Meaning
| [œ̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æ̊d''
| [ɔ̽ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''åd''
| [e̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ed''
| [øːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ød''
| [o̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''od''
| [iːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''id''
| [yːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''yd''
| [uːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ůd''
| [ð̩˕˗ˠː]<br/>''ud''
| [əð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ŭd''
|-
|-
| unmarked
! /ɐ̯(ʔ)/
| modal
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ar''
| ''hæ̊''  
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ăr''
| /hœ/
| [eːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ær''
| echo
| [œːɒ̯̽]<br/>''æ̊r''
| [ɒ̝ː]<br/>''år''
| [e̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''er''
| [øːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ør''
| [o̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''or''
| [iːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ir''
| [yːɒ̯̽]<br/>''yr''
| [uːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ůr''
| [ɨːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ur''
| [əɒ̯̽]<br/>''ŭr''
|-
|-
| s
! /ŋ(ʔ)/
| stød (creaky voice)
| [ɛ̃ː]<br/>''an''
| ''hæ̊s''
| [ãː]<br/>''ăn''
| /hœˀ/
| steep
|-
|-
| b
! /ŋ͡m(ʔ)/
| breathy
| [ɛ̃ːw̃~ɛːw̃]<br/>''am''
| ''hæ̊b''
| [æ̃w̃~æw̃]<br/>''ăm''
| /hœʱ/
| to stretch
|-
|-
| g
! /ʔ/
| checked (strong glottalization)
| [ɛːʔ]<br/>''aˀ''
| ''hæ̊g''
| [æʔ]<br/>''ăˀ''
| /hœʔ/
| to make a mistake
|}
|}


==Morphology==
== Grammar ==
"Erhua" (pharyngealization) is sometimes used to nominalize verbs (from PLak {{recon|{{angbr|X}}}}) or form passives/intransitive verbs (from PLak {{recon|{{angbr|r}}}}) from transitive ones.
=== Polar questions ===
Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.
:''Mæ{{cdb}}rq húd med blảj Æ?'' / ''Mæ{{cdb}}rq húd blảj Æ med?''
: 2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
: Are you Æ?


* ''hæ̊g'' /hœʔ/ = to lose one's way > ''hæ̊rg'' /hœˤʔ/ = mistake, error
== Poetry ==
* ''ngoj'' /ngoj/ = to see > ''ngojr'' /ngoˤ/ = to be visible, to appear
Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lakovic languages]]
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