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| [[Riphean/Music]] | | [[Riphean/Lexicon]] |
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| '''Riphean''' (''riviske ṛstine''; [[Ăn Yidiș]]: ''ă Rifiș'') is an Indo-European language in the Riphic branch, an Irtan satem branch. It's spoken in Irta's Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and Korea, and is influenced by Uralic languages. It's also spoken in the island of Nōje Ceme (Isle of Man in our timeline), and substantial Riphean-speaking communities exist in parts of Irta's Russia, Alaska and Tibet. More recently it has absorbed words and calques from various Mediterranean languages. | | '''Riphean''' (''rivška'') is an Indo-European language of [[Verse:Tdūrzů|Tdūrzů]], spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic. |
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| Riphean has many accents and there is even a creole of Riphean, Korean and a little Nivkh, ''Bamaej-eo'' (literally "mixed language"), with some Korean words and mostly Korean syntax. Bamaej-eo, spoken in Irta Sakhalin, is notable for being the only modern Riphic language which preserves the stop system of Middle Riphean, reinforced by Korean's stop system. Another notable creole is Riphlish, spoken by Riphean people in Anglophone parts of [[Verse:Irta]], particularly in the Pacific Northwest. Its lexifier is Riphean and it's roughly based on English grammar but with some Korean grammatical influences.
| | == TODO == |
| | Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle? |
| | === UDHR === |
| | ''Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.'' |
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| Modern Riphean is notable for mostly preserving PIE's syllabic approximants, ḷ and ṛ. However, Riphean consonants display various innovations including Grimm's law taken a step further (as in Dutch in our timeline).
| | /ˈʋɪ{{ž}}ɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/ |
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| In real life, Riphean is inspired by Germanic (particularly Gothic, Dutch and Icelandic) and Slavic.
| | (im ~ Latin ambō) |
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| ==Todo==
| | hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė |
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| Revamp phonology (use b/d/g and more complicated vowel diachronics)
| | == Phonology == |
| | Riphean has consistent initial stress. |
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| ==Numbers==
| | Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech |
| aina, twā, đrije, xeđure, vaixe, zes, zevu, astu, nȯ, teγu
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| ==Grammar==
| | Voiceless stops are not aspirated |
| Riphean has three noun genders, termed animate, inanimate and collective by native grammarians. These correspond to masculine, neuter and feminine genders in other Indo-European languages. The correlation between grammatical gender and biological gender is much less in Riphean than in other IE languages, due to the influence of Uralic languages.
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| As in Latin and Greek, Riphean has various declension paradigms for nouns. Some common ones are:
| | w and v as in Dutch |
| *first declension nouns - inanimate suffixless, animate ''-a'', collective ''-e''
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| *second declension nouns - ''-i'', independent of gender
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| *third declension nouns - ''-u'', independent of gender
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| Gender has been almost completely regularized in Riphean, again due to Uralic influence -- it is correlated with morphology, so all nouns ending in ''-e'' are collective, even nouns like ''aste'' (bone), which derives from the Old Riphean neuter noun ''haste''. Most notably, Riphean pronouns do not inflect for gender, as in Armenian and Persian, but adjectives do; adjective genders follow lexical animacy when the noun is second or third declension and they follow nominal morphology for first declension nouns. There is also a distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives, with predicative adjectives never taking suffixes:
| | c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally |
| * En sive atvėziđe. "It is a good document".
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| * Ene atvėziđe siv. "That document is good".
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| An example animate noun: kala "fish"
| | h devoices to [x] |
| *Nominative: kala, kalė
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| *Accusative: kalu, kalė/kalō
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| *Genitive: kalas, kalō
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| *Dative: kalė, kalām
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| *Instrumental: kalam, kalėm
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| An example collective noun: pluze "flea"
| | ''đ'' = [ð], devoices to [θ] |
| *Nominative: pluze, pluzė
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| *Accusative: pluzai, pluzė/pluzō
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| *Genitive: pluzes, pluzō
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| *Dative: pluzēvi, pluzēm
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| *Instrumental: pluzai, pluzėm
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| A neuter noun: tėđ "child"
| | Stressed ''a e i o u'' = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u] |
| *Nominative: tėđ, tėđe
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| *Accusative: tėđ, tėđe/tėđō
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| *Genitive: tėđas, tėđō
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| *Dative: tėđė, tėđām
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| *Instrumental: tėđam, tėđėm
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| ===Adjectives=== | | ''á é í ó ů'' = [a{{long}} e{{lowered}}{{long}} i{{long}} o{{lowered}}{{long}} u{{long}}] |
| While Riphean doesn't have definite articles, Riphean adjectives inflect for definiteness. There are generally two forms for adjectives, the indefinite form and the definite form formed by postposing a clitic -za, -ze or -đa. The rules are as follows:
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| *-za after animate singular nominative nouns
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| *-ze after collective singular nominative and accusative nouns
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| *-đa elsewhere
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| ===Verbs=== | | ''ej ui ou'' = [ɛj œɥ ɔw] |
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| Verbs in Riphean do not inflect for aspect but there are lexical aspects, formed from prefixes (analogous to phrasal verbs in English), root extensions and sometimes suppletion. There are three tenses in Riphean: nonpast, direct past and inferential past, the latter deriving from an Old Riphean pluperfect tense.
| | ''l'' is velarized, ''r'' is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: ''wlch'' 'wolf', ''crn'' 'grain'. |
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| ==Syntax==
| | Auslautverhärtung |
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| Syntax in Riphean is quite free.
| | Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese) |
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| ==Texts== | | == Morphology == |
| | === Nouns and adjectives === |
| | ==== Masculine animate ==== |
| | The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. ''a'' in Spanish). |
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| | manč "man" |
| | * nom. manč, manči |
| | * gen. mančez, manču |
| | * dat. manče, mančem |
| | * acc. manče, mančuz |
| | * ins. manču, mančiz |
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| | ==== Masculine inanimate ==== |
| | Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: ''tam, tama'' |
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| | ''tam'' "house" |
| | * nom. tam, tami |
| | * gen. tamez, tamu |
| | * dat. tame, tamem |
| | * acc. tam, tamuz |
| | * ins. tamu, tamiz |
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| | ==== Feminine -a ==== |
| | kena "woman" |
| | * nom. kena, kenaz |
| | * gen. kenaz, kenu |
| | * dat. kene, kenam |
| | * acc. kenou, kenouz |
| | * ins. kenam, kenami |
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| | ==== Other feminine ==== |
| | váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs." |
| | * nom. váni, vániz |
| | * gen. vániz, váňu |
| | * dat. váni, vánim |
| | * acc. váni, vániz |
| | * ins. vánim, vánimi |
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| | nacht "night" |
| | * nom. nacht, nachtiz |
| | * gen. nachtiz, nachťu |
| | * dat. nachti, nachtim |
| | * acc. nachti, nachtiz |
| | * ins. nachtim, nachtmi |
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| | ==== Neuter ==== |
| | céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind) |
| | * nom. céđ, céđa |
| | * gen. céđez, céđu |
| | * dat. céđe, céđem |
| | * acc. céđ, céđa |
| | * ins. céđu, céđiz |
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| | ==== Adjectives ==== |
| | Indefinite and definite declensions |
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| | === Verbs === |
| | etež "to eat" |
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| | ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ |
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| | (Polite pronoun?) |
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| | negative ne |
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| | ==== ''buiž'' 'to be' ==== |
| | ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ |
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| | Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ |
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| | ==== Reflexive verbs ==== |
| | ouchiž ze "to learn" |
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| | ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze |
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| | === Numerals === |
| | ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou |
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| | ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi |
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| | đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos) |
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| | đouzuđ |
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| | ejn "1" declines as follows: |
| | * nom. ejn, ejna, ejn |
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| | tů "2" declines as follows: |
| | * nom. tů, twí, twej |
| | * gen. tweju |
| | * dat. twím |
| | * acc. tů, twí, twej |
| | * ins. twími |
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| | đrí "3" declines as follows: |
| | * nom. đrí |
| | * gen. đríu |
| | * dat. đrím |
| | * acc. đrí |
| | * ins. đrími |
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| | == Syntax == |
| | German-like? |
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| | == Swadesh list == |
| | <poem> |
| | I: ec |
| | thou: ji |
| | he/she/it: ež/já/it |
| | we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there") |
| | ye: jíľud |
| | they: í/jáz/đá |
| | this: siđe |
| | that: đađe |
| | here: sím |
| | there: đám |
| | </poem> |
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| | == Texts == |
| | === Schleicher's fable === |
| | Ra oucha um ri dzrki |
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| | Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz |