Verse:Mwail/Classical Thean: Difference between revisions
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{{list subpages}} | |||
{{Infobox language | |||
|image = | |||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = | |||
|name = Classical Thean | |||
|nativename = | |||
|pronunciation= | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Angai]] | |||
|region = | |||
|speakers=975 million | |||
|date=2025 | |||
|familycolor=tsimulh | |||
|fam1=[[Verse:Angai/Theic languages|Theic]] | |||
|iso3= | |||
|official=Thea, Qualand, the Alliance | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Classical Thean''' was the most spoken language of Angai Europe before the timeline split. With 975 million L1 and L2 speakers worldwide, Thean was the fourth-most spoken language in 2025. | |||
In [[Verse:Angai/1|Timeline 1 of Angai]], Classical Thean evolves into highly tonal languages. | |||
== Todo == | |||
* Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items | |||
* What does kʼ- mean? ƛʼu 'to hunt'; kʼƛʼu 'tooth' | |||
== Gibberish == | |||
<poem> | |||
təčʼay ʔəmʼarʼ ʔənkał xʷkʸiš | |||
ǯun gǯed ʔəšo nəyiš | |||
kʔan tnʼoh kʼlir ʔəlšey | |||
łuy sca tweł knal ʔərgʷiš | |||
</poem> | |||
== History == | |||
The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press. | |||
=== Diachronics === | |||
==== Consonants ==== | |||
* Proto-Theic k g kʼ -> kʸ gʸ kʸʼ | |||
* Proto-Theic kʷ gʷ kʷʼ -> č ʒ{{hacek}} čʼ | |||
* Proto-Theic q ɢ qʷ -> k g kʼ | |||
* Proto-Theic qʷ ɢʷ qʷʼ -> kʷ gʷ kʷʼ | |||
==== Stressed vowels ==== | |||
* Proto-Theic a -> o after kʷ-series consonants, e after kʸ-series ones, a otherwise | |||
* Proto-Theic ã -> a | |||
* Proto-Theic i -> e | |||
* Proto-Theic ī -> i | |||
* Proto-Theic u -> o | |||
* Proto-Theic ū -> u | |||
== Classical Thean phonology == | |||
=== Initials === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labial | |||
! rowspan="2" | Dental | |||
! colspan="2" | Alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Palatal | |||
! colspan="2" | Velar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! | central || lateral | |||
! | plain || labialized | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Stop | |||
! | tenuis | |||
| /p/ p | |||
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c | |||
| /t/ t | |||
| | |||
| /ts{{ret}}/ č | |||
| /c/ kʸ | |||
| /k/ k | |||
| /kʷ/ kʷ | |||
| /ʔ/ ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! | voiced | |||
| /b/ b | |||
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ | |||
| /d/ d | |||
| | |||
| /dz{{ret}}/ ǯ | |||
| /ɟ/ gʸ | |||
| /g/ g | |||
| /gʷ/ gʷ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! | ejective | |||
| /pʼ/ pʼ | |||
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ | |||
| /tʼ/ tʼ | |||
| /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ | |||
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ | |||
| /cʼ/ kʸʼ | |||
| /kʼ/ kʼ | |||
| /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Fricative | |||
| | |||
| /s{{den}}/ s | |||
| | |||
| /ɬ/ ł | |||
| /s{{ret}}/ š | |||
| /ç/ xʸ | |||
| /x/ x | |||
| /xʷ/ xʷ | |||
| /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Sonorant | |||
! | plain | |||
| /m/ m | |||
| | |||
| /n/ n | |||
| /l/ l | |||
| /r{{ret}}/ r | |||
| /j/ y | |||
| | |||
| /w/ w | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! | glottalized | |||
| /mˀ/ mʼ | |||
| | |||
| /nˀ/ nʼ | |||
| /lˀ/ lʼ | |||
| /r{{ret}}ˀ/ rʼ | |||
| /jˀ/ yʼ | |||
| | |||
| /wˀ/ wʼ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords. | |||
=== Nuclei === | |||
/i e a o u/ ''i e a o u'', unstressed /ə/ ''ə'' | |||
=== Finals === | |||
(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords) | |||
* Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w) | |||
* Tone B: -ʔ -nʼ -lʼ -rʼ -yʼ -dʼ (-mʼ -wʼ) | |||
* Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks) | |||
* Tone D: -k -t (-p) | |||
=== Stress === | |||
Very strong final stress | |||
== Grammar == | |||
=== Pronouns === | |||
* 1sg xey | |||
* 2sg mo | |||
* 1pl tli | |||
* 2pl: tna | |||
=== The Classical Thean auxiliary === | |||
The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used. | |||
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present) | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Classical Thean auxiliary constructions (V = verb) | |||
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3 | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| present | |||
! affirmative | |||
| ''xco xey gʷer V'' | |||
| ''(rəco) mo gʷer V'' | |||
| ''la šru gʷer V'' | |||
| ''łco tli gʷer V'' | |||
| ''nəco tna gʷer V'' | |||
|- | |||
! interrogative | |||
| ''xgʷay xey gʷer V'' | |||
| ''rəgʷay mo gʷer V'' | |||
| ''gʷay šru gʷer V'' | |||
| ''łgʷay tli gʷer V'' | |||
| ''nəgʷay tna gʷer V'' | |||
|- | |||
! negative | |||
| ''xgʷay xey wa gʷer V'' | |||
| ''rəgʷay mo wa gʷer V'' | |||
| ''gʷay šru wa gʷer V'' | |||
| ''łgʷay tli wa gʷer V'' | |||
| ''nəgʷay tna wa gʷer V'' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| past | |||
! affirmative | |||
| ''xʒe xey V'' | |||
| ''rəʒe mo V'' | |||
| ''ʒe sru V'' | |||
| ''łʒe tli V'' | |||
| ''nəʒe tna V'' | |||
|- | |||
! interrogative | |||
| ''ʔəxʒe xey V'' | |||
| ''ʔərʒe mo V'' | |||
| ''ʔəʒe sru V'' | |||
| ''ʔəłʒe tli V'' | |||
| ''ʔənʒe tna V'' | |||
|- | |||
! negative | |||
| ''ʔəxʒe xey wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔərʒe mo wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔəʒe sru wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔəłʒe tli wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔənʒe tna wa V'' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| future | |||
! affirmative | |||
| ''xʔal xey V'' | |||
| ''rəʔal mo V'' | |||
| ''ʔal sru V'' | |||
| ''łʔal tli V'' | |||
| ''nəʔal tna V'' | |||
|- | |||
! interrogative | |||
| ''ʔəxda xey V'' | |||
| ''ʔərda mo V'' | |||
| ''ʔəda sru V'' | |||
| ''ʔəłda tli V'' | |||
| ''ʔənda tna V'' | |||
|- | |||
! negative | |||
| ''ʔəxda xey wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔərda mo wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔəda sru wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔəłda tli wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔənda tna wa V'' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3| conditional/subjunctive | |||
! affirmative | |||
| ''xdo xey V'' | |||
| ''rədo mo V'' | |||
| ''do sru V'' | |||
| ''łdo tli V'' | |||
| ''nədo tna V'' | |||
|- | |||
! interrogative | |||
| ''ʔəxdo xey V'' | |||
| ''ʔədo mo V'' | |||
| ''ʔədo sru V'' | |||
| ''ʔədol tli V'' | |||
| ''ʔədon tna V'' | |||
|- | |||
! negative | |||
| ''ʔəxdo xey wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔədo mo wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔədo sru wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔəłdo tli wa V'' | |||
| ''ʔəndo tna wa V'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Todo: Add more forms, look at Welsh | |||
== Derivational morphology == | |||
* ''kʼ-'' (allomorph of ''k-''?) derives agent or instrument nouns | |||
** ƛʼu 'to hunt', kʼƛʼu 'tooth' | |||
== Syntax == | |||
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence. | |||
In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle | |||