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| [[Riphean/Music]] | | [[Riphean/Lexicon]] |
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| '''Riphean''' (''riviske ṛstine''; [[Ăn Yidiș]]: ''ă Rifiș'') is an Indo-European language in the Riphic branch, an Irtan satem branch. It's spoken in Irta's Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and Korea, and is influenced by Uralic languages. It's also spoken in the island of Nōje Ceme (Isle of Man in our timeline), and substantial Riphean-speaking communities exist in parts of Irta's Russia, Alaska and Tibet. More recently it has absorbed words and calques from various Mediterranean languages. | | '''Riphean''' (''rivška'') is an Indo-European language of [[Verse:Tdūrzů|Tdūrzů]], spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic. |
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| Riphean has many accents and there is even a creole of Riphean, Korean and a little Nivkh, ''Bamaej-eo'' (literally "mixed language"), with some Korean words and mostly Korean syntax. Bamaej-eo, spoken in Irta Sakhalin, is notable for being the only modern Riphic language which preserves the stop system of Middle Riphean, reinforced by Korean's stop system. Another notable creole is Riphlish, spoken by Riphean people in Anglophone parts of [[Verse:Irta]]. It has Riphean syntax but generally less free word order, influenced by English, and a general reduction in morphology (there is no grammatical case in Riphlish, as in Bulgarian). Riphlish has some peculiar grammatical quirks found in neither Riphean nor English, such as the total avoidance of infinitive forms (believed to be borrowed from Arabic), and a total syncretism of the dative and the genitive, using the apostrophe -'s for both. Some features borrowed from English are besides the more rigid word order, the presence of analytic tenses and a perfect tense construction with the verb ''emi'' "to have" (''aiđi'' in standard Riphean; personal forms use the root ''em-'').
| | == TODO == |
| | Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle? |
| | === UDHR === |
| | ''Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.'' |
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| Modern Riphean is notable for mostly preserving PIE's syllabic approximants, ḷ and ṛ. However, Riphean consonants display various innovations including Grimm's law taken a step further (as in Dutch in our timeline).
| | /ˈʋɪ{{ž}}ɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/ |
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| In real life, Riphean is inspired by Germanic and Slavic.
| | (im ~ Latin ambō) |
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| ==Todo==
| | hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė |
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| ''Truktine'' - goddess of peace and harmony
| | == Phonology == |
| | Riphean has consistent initial stress. |
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| Other goddesses: ''Ōzrine/Rīđine, Wexrine, ...''
| | Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech |
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| ''Kīwaiđaza kala in utnė vlōje'' - The living fish swims in water.
| | Voiceless stops are not aspirated |
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| ''lauzme'' - world, from *lewk-mn; stem ''lauzmen-''
| | w and v as in Dutch |
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| ''vrirasti'' - nature
| | c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally |
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| ''zaurasti'' - nurture
| | h devoices to [x] |
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| ''-wite'' - science | | ''đ'' = [ð], devoices to [θ] |
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| *''vamēzwite'', ''xīmje'' - chemistry
| | Stressed ''a e i o u'' = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u] |
| **''vamēzwitina panta'' - chemical bond
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| *''sternawite'' - astronomy
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| *''wistōrje'' - history (later coinage)
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| ''nepalaste'' - anesthesia
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| *''nepalastwite'' - anesthesiology
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| ''trōkzaiđaste'' - synesthesia
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| ''zaiđna'' - sensory | | ''á é í ó ů'' = [a{{long}} e{{lowered}}{{long}} i{{long}} o{{lowered}}{{long}} u{{long}}] |
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| ''trōkna'' - concomitant, ''trōken'' - together | | ''ej ui ou'' = [ɛj œɥ ɔw] |
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| ''jēre, lėđe, azanje, cīme'' - seasons | | ''l'' is velarized, ''r'' is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: ''wlch'' 'wolf', ''crn'' 'grain'. |
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| ''azaniđi'' - to harvest, to earn (semantics influenced by the English cognate)
| | Auslautverhärtung |
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| ''lėđe'' - (poetic) year
| | Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese) |
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| ''weđa'' - year | | == Morphology == |
| | === Nouns and adjectives === |
| | ==== Masculine animate ==== |
| | The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. ''a'' in Spanish). |
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| ''ōster'' - morning
| | manč "man" |
| | * nom. manč, manči |
| | * gen. mančez, manču |
| | * dat. manče, mančem |
| | * acc. manče, mančuz |
| | * ins. manču, mančiz |
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| ''uđrni'' - noon | | ==== Masculine inanimate ==== |
| | Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: ''tam, tama'' |
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| ''sletuđrni'' - afternoon | | ''tam'' "house" |
| | * nom. tam, tami |
| | * gen. tamez, tamu |
| | * dat. tame, tamem |
| | * acc. tam, tamuz |
| | * ins. tamu, tamiz |
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| ''wespra'' - evening
| | ==== Feminine -a ==== |
| | kena "woman" |
| | * nom. kena, kenaz |
| | * gen. kenaz, kenu |
| | * dat. kene, kenam |
| | * acc. kenou, kenouz |
| | * ins. kenam, kenami |
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| ''naiđ'' - night
| | ==== Other feminine ==== |
| | váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs." |
| | * nom. váni, vániz |
| | * gen. vániz, váňu |
| | * dat. váni, vánim |
| | * acc. váni, vániz |
| | * ins. vánim, vánimi |
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| ''skīje'' - shadow
| | nacht "night" |
| | * nom. nacht, nachtiz |
| | * gen. nachtiz, nachťu |
| | * dat. nachti, nachtim |
| | * acc. nachti, nachtiz |
| | * ins. nachtim, nachtmi |
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| ''skēwiđi'' - to walk
| | ==== Neuter ==== |
| | céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind) |
| | * nom. céđ, céđa |
| | * gen. céđez, céđu |
| | * dat. céđe, céđem |
| | * acc. céđ, céđa |
| | * ins. céđu, céđiz |
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| ''wart'' - plant
| | ==== Adjectives ==== |
| | Indefinite and definite declensions |
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| ''cweri'' - animal
| | === Verbs === |
| | etež "to eat" |
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| ''sēne'' - fungus
| | ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ |
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| ''vratānik'' - prokaryote
| | (Polite pronoun?) |
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| ''zōtānik'' - eukaryote
| | negative ne |
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| ''đāl'' - far | | ==== ''buiž'' 'to be' ==== |
| | ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ |
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| ===Bamaej-eo===
| | Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ |
| Kioneun kala unneo-in blon-ada. - The living fish swims in water (-neun, -ada and syntax from Korean, the rest is Riphic)
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| Three numeral systems - Riphic, Korean and Sinitic
| | ==== Reflexive verbs ==== |
| | ouchiž ze "to learn" |
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| Tons of deictics as in Nivkh
| | ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze |
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| ==Numbers== | | === Numerals === |
| aina, twā, đrije, xeđure, vaixe, zes, zevu, astu, nȯ, teγu
| | ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou |
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| ==Grammar==
| | ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi |
| Riphean has three noun genders, termed animate, inanimate and collective by native grammarians. These correspond to masculine, neuter and feminine genders in other Indo-European languages. The correlation between grammatical gender and biological gender is much less in Riphean than in other IE languages, due to the influence of Uralic languages.
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| As in Latin and Greek, Riphean has various declension paradigms for nouns. Some common ones are:
| | đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos) |
| *first declension nouns - inanimate suffixless, animate ''-a'', collective ''-e''
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| *second declension nouns - ''-i'', independent of gender
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| *third declension nouns - ''-u'', independent of gender
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| Gender has been almost completely regularized in Riphean, again due to Uralic influence -- it is correlated with morphology, so all nouns ending in ''-e'' are collective, even nouns like ''aste'' (bone), which derives from the Old Riphean neuter noun ''haste''. Most notably, Riphean pronouns do not inflect for gender, as in Armenian and Persian, but adjectives do; adjective genders follow lexical animacy when the noun is second or third declension and they follow nominal morphology for first declension nouns. There is also a distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives, with predicative adjectives never taking suffixes:
| | đouzuđ |
| * En sive atvėziđe. "It is a good document".
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| * Ene atvėziđe siv. "That document is good".
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| An example animate noun: kala "fish"
| | ejn "1" declines as follows: |
| *Nominative: kala, kalė
| | * nom. ejn, ejna, ejn |
| *Accusative: kalu, kalė/kalō
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| *Genitive: kalas, kalō
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| *Dative: kalė, kalām | |
| *Instrumental: kalam, kalėm
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| An example collective noun: pluze "flea"
| | tů "2" declines as follows: |
| *Nominative: pluze, pluzė | | * nom. tů, twí, twej |
| *Accusative: pluzai, pluzė/pluzō | | * gen. tweju |
| *Genitive: pluzes, pluzō | | * dat. twím |
| *Dative: pluzēvi, pluzēm | | * acc. tů, twí, twej |
| *Instrumental: pluzai, pluzėm | | * ins. twími |
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| A neuter noun: tėđ "child"
| | đrí "3" declines as follows: |
| *Nominative: tėđ, tėđe | | * nom. đrí |
| *Accusative: tėđ, tėđe/tėđō | | * gen. đríu |
| *Genitive: tėđas, tėđō | | * dat. đrím |
| *Dative: tėđė, tėđām | | * acc. đrí |
| *Instrumental: tėđam, tėđėm | | * ins. đrími |
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| ===Adjectives=== | | == Syntax == |
| While Riphean doesn't have definite articles, Riphean adjectives inflect for definiteness. There are generally two forms for adjectives, the indefinite form and the definite form formed by postposing a clitic -za, -ze or -đa. The rules are as follows:
| | German-like? |
| *-za after animate singular nominative nouns
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| *-ze after collective singular nominative and accusative nouns
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| *-đa elsewhere
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| ===Verbs=== | | == Swadesh list == |
| | <poem> |
| | I: ec |
| | thou: ji |
| | he/she/it: ež/já/it |
| | we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there") |
| | ye: jíľud |
| | they: í/jáz/đá |
| | this: siđe |
| | that: đađe |
| | here: sím |
| | there: đám |
| | </poem> |
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| Verbs in Riphean do not inflect for aspect but there are lexical aspects, formed from prefixes (analogous to phrasal verbs in English), root extensions and sometimes suppletion. There are three tenses in Riphean: nonpast, direct past and inferential past, the latter deriving from an Old Riphean pluperfect tense.
| | == Texts == |
| | === Schleicher's fable === |
| | Ra oucha um ri dzrki |
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| ==Syntax==
| | Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz |
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| Syntax in Riphean is quite free.
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