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'''Doidhesh''' (native: ''Doidhesh/Dœðesc'' /ˈdœʏðɛʃ/) is an [[w:Anglic_languages|Anglic language]] descended from [[w:Old_English|Old English]].
'''Doidhesh''' (native: ''Doidhesh/Dœðesc'' /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an [[w:Anglic_languages|Anglic language]] descended from [[w:Old_English|Old English]].
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Doidhesh
|name = Doidhesh
|nativename = Doidhesh swiezh<br />Dœðesc sjwec
|nativename = Doidhesh sweazh<br />Dœðesc swjec
|pronunciation = ˈdœʏðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ
|pronunciation = ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
Line 15: Line 15:
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Anglo-Frisian_languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam4 = [[w:North_Sea_Germanic_languages|North Sea Germanic]]
|fam5 = [[w:Anglic languages|Anglic languages]]
|fam5 = [[w:Anglo-Frisian_languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam6 = [[w:Anglic languages|Anglic]]
|ancestor1 = [[w:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor1 = [[w:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]]
Line 28: Line 29:
|agency        = -->
|agency        = -->
}}
}}
==Introduction==
===Etymology===
From Old English ''þēodisċ'' "vernacular language" < Proto-Germanic ''*þiudiskaz'' "of the people" < ''*þeudō'' "people" + ''-iskaz'' "-ish".
Synchronically analyzable as ''doit/dœt'' "people" + ''-esh/-esc'' "-ish".
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<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
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==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
#'''Egelstaiv/Egelstæf''' (''"English letter(s)"''): Based on Middle English orthography.
#'''Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf''' ("''Danish letter(s)''"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as ''Egelstaiv'' and ''Tjenstæf'' respectively.
====Consonants====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
| m || m || m
|-
| p || p; pp¹ || p; pp¹
|-
| b || b || b
|-
| f || f; v² || f; ff¹
|-
| v || v || v
|-
| n || n || n
|-
| t || t; tt¹ || t; tt¹
|-
| d || d || d
|-
| θ || th; dh² || þ; þþ¹
|-
| ð || dh || ð
|-
| s || s; z² || s; ss¹
|-
| z || z || z
|-
| r || r || r
|-
| l || l || l
|-
| tʃ || tch; t³ || tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc
|-
| dʒ || j; d³ || dj; d_j⁴
|-
| ʃ || sh; zh²; s³ || c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶
|-
| ʒ || zh; z³ || zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷
|-
| ɲ || ny; n³ || nj; n_j⁴
|-
| c || k³ || kj; k_j⁴
|-
| ɟ || g³ || gj; g_j⁴
|-
| ç || h³ || hj; h_j⁴
|-
| j || y; ∅³ || j
|-
| ʎ || l³ || lj; l_j⁴
|-
| ŋ || n⁸ || n⁸
|-
| k || k || k
|-
| ɡ || g || g
|-
| x || h⁹; ch; gh² || h; hh¹
|-
| w || w; ∅¹⁰ || w
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ Word-finally when it does not lenite.
² Word-finally when it lenites.
³ Before ''ea'' and ''eo'', even if there is intervening ''-w-''.
⁴ When separated with ''-w-''.
⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.
⁶ Before ''tj''.
⁷ When lenited from ''-c''.
⁸ Before velar consonants.
⁹ Word-initially.
¹⁰ Before ''oa''.
====Vowels====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
| ɑ || a || a
|-
| æ || ä || ä
|-
| aʊ || au || á
|-
| aɪ || ai || æ
|-
| ɛ || e || e
|-
| eɪ || ei || é
|-
| jɛ; ɛ¹ || ea || je
|-
| ɪ || i || i
|-
| i || ie || í
|-
| ɔ || o || o
|-
| oʊ || ou || ó
|-
| wɔ; ɔ² || oa || wo
|-
| ʊ || u || u
|-
| u || ue || ú
|-
| œ || ö || ö
|-
| øɪ || oi || œ
|-
| jœ; œ¹ || eo || jö
|-
| ʏ || ü || y
|-
| y || üe || ý
|-
| œʊ || eu || öu
|-
| jœʊ; œʊ¹ || eou || jöu
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.
² After /w/.
===Morphophonology===
====Lenition====
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.
Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
! rowspan="2"| Phoneme !! colspan="2" |Unlenited form !! colspan="3"| Lenited form !! colspan="2"| Non-leniting equivalent
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
| p || p || p || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || pp || pp
|-
| f || v || f || f || ff
|-
| t || t || t || rowspan="2"|ð || rowspan="2"|dh || rowspan="2"|ð || tt || tt
|-
| θ || dh || þ || th || þþ
|-
| s || z || s || z || z || z || s || ss
|-
| ʃ || zh || c || ʒ || zh || cz || sh || cc, sc
|-
| k || k || k || rowspan="2"| ∅¹ || rowspan="2"| ∅¹ || rowspan="2"|∅¹ || ck || kk
|-
| x || gh || h || ch || hh
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).
====Vowel simplifications====
When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! 2nd > <br /> 1st v !! a !! au/á !! ä !! ai/æ !! e !! ei/é !! ea/je !! i !! ie/í !! ö !! oi/œ !! eo/jö !! ü/y !! üe/ý !! eu/öu !! eou/jöu !! o !! ou/ó !! oa/wo !! u !! ue/ú
|-
! a
| colspan="2"|au/á || colspan="12"| ai/æ || colspan="7" | au/á
|-
! au/á
! ä
! ai/æ
! e
! ei/é
! ea/je
! i
! ie/í
! ö
! oi/œ
! eo/jö
! ü/y
! üe/ý
! eu/öu
! eou/jöu
! o
! ou/ó
! oa/wo
! u
! ue/ú
|}
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" | First vowel !! colspan="2" | Second vowel !! colspan="2" | Result !! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || ai || æ ||
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || au || á ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ei || é ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| ea || je || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ea || je ||
|-
| ea || je || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eou || jöu ||
|-
| ea || je || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| i, ie || i, í || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ie || í ||
|-
| i, ie || i, í || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ou || ó ||
|-
| oa || wo || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| oa || wo || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || oa || wo ||
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ue || ú ||
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
|-
| eo || jö || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || eo || jö ||
|-
| eo || jö || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu  || eou || jöu ||
|-
| ü, üe || y, ý || colspan="2"| Any vowel <!--ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý, a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu--> || üe || ý ||
|-
|}
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Subject !! colspan="2"|Object !! colspan="2"|Possessive
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
! 1S
| meizh || méc || mei || mé || mien || mín
|-
! 2S
| due || dú || dei || dé || dien || dín
|-
! 3SM
| sei || sé || soan || swon || saiz || sæs
|-
! 3SF
| soi || sœ || soa || swo || sear || sjer
|-
! 3SN
| daidh || dæþ || daidh || dæþ || daiz || dæs
|-
! 1P
| bei || bé || buez || bús || buer || búr
|-
! 2P
| jei || djé || jeu || djöu || jeur || djöur
|-
! 3P
| goi || gœ || gein || gén || geor || gjör
|-
|}
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Number !! colspan="2" | Cardinal !! colspan="2' | Ordinal
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf!! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
!0
| noucht || nóht || nouchth || nóhþ
|-
!1
| oan || won || worm || worm
|-
!2
| thwoa || þwo || thwoudher || þwóðer
|-
!3
| droi || drœ || drett || drett
|-
!4
| heour || hjöur || heourdh || hjöurþ
|-
!5
| wiev || wíf || wift || wift
|-
!6
| sois || sœs || soist || sœst
|-
!7
| seoun || sjöun || seound || sjöund
|-
!8
| ächt || äht || ächth || ähþ
|-
!9
| nein || nén || neind || nénd
|-
!10
| thüen || þýn || thoidh || þœþ
|-
!11
| eleun || elöun || eleund || elöund
|-
!12
| thwelv || þwelf || thwelft || þwelft
|-
!13
|droidhün || drœðyn || droidhödh || drœðöþ
|-
!14
| heourdhün || hjöurðyn||heourdhödh || hjöurðöþ
|-
!15
| wiftün || wiftyn ||wiftödh || wiftöþ
|-
!16
| soistün || sœstyn || soistödh || sœstöþ
|-
!17
| seoundün || sjöundyn || seoundödh || sjöundöþ
|-
!18
| ächtün || ähtyn || ächtödh || ähtöþ
|-
!19
| neindün || néndyn || neindödh || néndöþ
|-
!20
| thwendei || þwendé || thwendeidh || þwendéþ
|-
|}
<!--
Older, for reference:
Dœðesc: won /wɔn/, þwo /θwo/, drœ /drøy/, hjór /çour/, wíf /wi:f/, sex /sɛʃ/, sjöun /ʃœun/, äht /æχt/, nén /nein/, þín /θi:n/
Doidhesh (alternate orthography): oan, thwoa, droi, hiour, wijv, sesh, seoun, ächt, nein, thijn
-->
===Nouns===
Nouns are pluralized with the ending ''-as''. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).
===Adjectives===
Adjectives do not decline.
===Verbs===
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
*Present: Uses present form.
*Past: Uses past form.
*Future: Uses future form.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
*Imperfective: No marker
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Habitual: ''bed''
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
*Active: No marker
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Thiet/Þít''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sealas/Sjelas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| spring || lengthen/lengþen
|-
| summer || soumer/sómer
|-
| fall || gärst
|-
| winter || bender
|-
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hijri months - ''Ménþes higjries''
! English !! Gothedish
|-
| Muharram || Muharram
|-
| Safar ||
|-
| Rabi' al-Awwal ||
|-
| Rabi' ath-Thani ||
|-
| Jumada al-Ula ||
|-
| Jumada al-Akhirah ||
|-
| Rajab ||
|-
| Sha'ban ||
|-
| Ramadan ||
|-
| Shawwal ||
|-
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah ||
|-
| Dhu'l-Hijjah ||
|-
|}-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Sonleizh moundhas/Sonléc mónþas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| January || Äfterjoul/Äfterdjól
|-
| February || Soalmoundh/Swolmónþ
|-
| March || Greithmoundh/Gréþmónþ
|-
| April || Eastermoundh/Jestermónþ
|-
| May || Dreimelzh/Drémelc
|-
| June || Earleidh/Jerléþ<!--; Searmoundh/Sjermónþ-->
|-
| July || Äfterleidh/Äfterléþ<!--; Meatmoundh/Mjetmónþ-->
|-
| August || Boitmoundh/Bœtmónþ
|-
| September || Gärstmoundh/Gärstmónþ
|-
| October || Bendervöldh/Bendervölþ
|-
| November || Plouthmoundh/Plóþmónþ
|-
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| Sunday || Sondai/Sondæ
|-
| Monday || Moundai/Mondæ
|-
| Tuesday || Thüestai/Þýstæ
|-
| Wednesday || Wonstai/Wonstæ
|-
| Thursday || Dorstai/Dorstæ
|-
| Friday || Vriedhai/Vríðæ
|-
| Saturday || Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| day || tai/tæ
|-
| dawn || taihoum/tæhóm
|-
| morning || morn
|-
| noon || mittai/mittæ
|-
| afternoon || äftermittai/äftermittæ
|-
| evening || eaven/jeven
|-
| dusk || nichthoum/nihthóm
|-
| night || nicht/niht
|-
| midnight || mitnicht/mitniht
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| second || bengwiel/bengwíl
|-
| minute || thiemshen/þímcen
|-
| hour || thiem/þím
|-
| day || tai/tæ
|-
| week || beizh/béc
|-
| month || moundh/mónþ
|-
| season || seal/sjel
|-
| year || jear/djer
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| now || nue/nú
|-
| then || don
|-
| recently, a short time ago || earnue/jernú
|-
| earlier || ear/jer
|-
| soon, shortly || soun/són; äfternue/äfternú
|-
| later || äfter
|-
| always || sebel
|-
| often || oft
|-
| sometimes || gwielom/gwílom
|-
| rarely || selten
|-
| never || noa/nwo; neaver/njever
|-
| ever || oa/wo; eaver/jever
|-
| still, yet || jüedh/jýþ
|-
| already || ju
|-
| today || thoudhai/þóðæ
|-
| tonight || thounicht/þóniht
|-
| yesterday || jörstanai/djörstanæ
|-
| last night || jörstanicht/djörstaniht
|-
| tomorrow || thoumorn/þómorn
|-
| before yesterday || earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ
|-
| two nights ago || earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht
|-
| after tomorrow || äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn
|-
| this week || thoubeizh/þóbéc
|-
| last week || jörstabeizh/djörstabéc
|-
| next week || neistbeizh/néstbéc
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''
! English !! Gothedish
|-
| white || gweidh/gwéþ
|-
| grey || kreai/krjei
|-
| black || plaigh/plæh <!--swärth/swärþ-->
|-
| red || reat/rjet
|-
| orange || reatjeol/rjetdjöl
|-
| brown || pruen/prún
|-
| yellow || jeol/djöl
|-
| green || krein/krén
|-
| blue || ploi/plœ
|-
| pink || rouzen/rózen
|-
| purple || pauz/pás
|-
| golden || költen
|-
|}
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.
'''Tjenstæf:''' Äl mangyn gœ máþ pjer bjezed gœ vrœ od djelíc en börd od djerihtas. Gœ máþ djéf bistom od djýþ, älso gœ scæl akrwof älcóðer en kost áf bróðerscef.
'''IPA:''' /æl ˈmɑŋɡʏn ɡøɪ maʊθ pjɛr ˈbjɛzɛd ɡøɪ vrøɪ ɔd dʒɛˈliʃ ɛn bœrd ɔd dʒɛˈrɪxtas ‖ ɡøɪ maʊθ dʒeɪf ˈbɪstɔm ɔd dʒyθ | ˈælsɔ ɡøɪ ʃaɪl ɑˈkrwɔf ˌælˈʃoʊðɛr ɛn kɔst aʊf ˈbroʊðɛrˌʃɛf/
'''Gloss:''' all mankind they PASS bear being they free and alike in worth and rights. they PASS give reason and conscience, and they should behave-to each-other in spirit of brotherhood.
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'''Gloss with English cognates:''' All mankind (they) made bear (being) (they) free and alike in worth and rights. (They) made give wisdom and (conscience), also (they) shall a-grope each-other in ghost of brothership.-->
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