User:Tardigrade: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Tardigrade (talk | contribs)
6,435 edits
No edit summary
Tardigrade (talk | contribs)
6,435 edits
 
(149 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Tardigrades (''Latfuts'') are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.
Tardigrades (''Latfuts'') are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.
==Veithois==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Latin !! rowspan=2 | Insular<br/>Proto-Romance !! colspan=2 | Insular Romance !! colspan=4 | Veites
! rowspan=2 | Latin !! rowspan=2 | Insular<br/>Proto-Romance !! colspan=2 | Insular Romance !! colspan=4 | Veithois !! colspan=4 rowspan=2 | example
|-
|-
! transcription !! [[w:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2 | orthography !! colspan=2 | [[w:IPA|IPA]]
! transcription !! [[w:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2 | orthography !! colspan=2 | [[w:IPA|IPA]]
|-
|-
| ī || /i/ || i || /i/ || colspan=2 | i || colspan=2 | /i/
| ī || /i/ || i || /i/ || colspan=2 | i || colspan=2 | /i/ || colspan=2 | [[wikt:vita#Latin|vid]] || colspan=2 | /vid/
|-
|-
| i || /ɪ/ || rowspan=3 | ẹ || rowspan=3 | /e/ || rowspan=3 | e || rowspan=3 | /e/
| i || /ɪ/ || rowspan=3 | ẹ || rowspan=3 | /e/ || rowspan=5 | è || rowspan=3 | ei || rowspan=5 | /ɛ/ || rowspan=3 | /ei̯/ || style="border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:siccus#Latin|sec]] || style="border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:pilum#Latin|peil]] || style="border-bottom:0;" | /sɛk/ || style="border-bottom:0;" | /pei̯l/
|-
|-
| ē || rowspan=2 | /e/
| ē || rowspan=2 | /e/ || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:mens#Latin|ment]] || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:cena#Latin|cein]] || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | /mɛnt/ || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | /t͡ʃei̯n/
|-
|-
| oe
| oe || style="border-top:0;" | [[wikt:oestrus#Latin|ester]] || style="border-top:0;" | [[wikt:foetus#Latin|feid]] || style="border-top:0;" | /ɛstər/ || style="border-top:0;" | /fei̯d/
|-  
|-  
| e || rowspan=2 | /ɛ/ || rowspan=2 | ę || rowspan=2 | /ɛ/ || rowspan=2 | è || rowspan=2 | /ɛ/
| e || rowspan=2 | /ɛ/ || rowspan=2 | ę || rowspan=2 | /ɛ/ || rowspan=2 | é || rowspan=2 | /e/ || style="border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:terra#Latin|ter]] || style="border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:pes#Latin|pedh]] || style="border-bottom:0;" | /tɛr/ || style="border-bottom:0;" | /peð/
|-
|-
| ae
| ae || style="border-top:0;" | [[wikt:aestas#Latin|estod]] || style="border-top:0;" | [[wikt:caelum#Latin|cel]] || style="border-top:0;" | /ɛˈstod/ || style="border-top:0;" | /t͡ʃel/
|-
|-
| a || /a/ || a || /a/ || colspan=2 | a || colspan=2 | /a/
| a || /a/ || a || /a/ || colspan=2 | a || colspan=2 | /a/ || colspan=2 | [[wikt:canis#Latin|can]] || colspan=2 | /kan/
|-
|-
| ā || /ɑ/ || rowspan=2 | ǫ || rowspan=2 | /ɔ/ || rowspan=2 | ò || rowspan=2 | ó || rowspan=2 | /ɔ/ || rowspan=2 | /o/
| ā || /ɑ/ || rowspan=2 | ǫ || rowspan=2 | /ɔ/ || rowspan=2 | ò || rowspan=2 | ó || rowspan=2 | /ɔ/ || rowspan=2 | /o/ || style="border-bottom:0;" | || style="border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:nasum#Latin|nos]] || style="border-bottom:0;" | || style="border-bottom:0;" | /noz/
|-
|-
| o || /ɔ/  
| o || /ɔ/ || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:sottum#Latin|sot]] || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:vot#Latin|cor]] || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | /sɔt/ || style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0;" | /kor/
|-
|-
| ō || rowspan=2 | /o/ || rowspan=3 | ọ || rowspan=3 | /o/ || rowspan=3 | ou || rowspan=3 | eu || rowspan=3 | /u/ || rowspan=3 | /ø/
| ō || /o/ || rowspan=2 | ọ || rowspan=2 | /o/ || rowspan=2 | ou || rowspan=2 | eu || rowspan=2 | /u/ || rowspan=2 | /e/ || style="border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:mons#Latin|mount]] || style="border-bottom:0;" | [[wikt:flos#Latin|fleur]] || style="border-bottom:0;" | /munt/ || style="border-bottom:0;" | /fler/
|-
|-
| au
| u || /ʊ/ || style="border-top:0;" | [[wikt:gutta#Latin|gout]] || style="border-top:0;" | [[wikt:gula#Latin|gheul]] || style="border-top:0;" | /gut/ || style="border-top:0;" | /gel/
|-
|-
| u || /ʊ/
| ū || /u/ || u || /u/ || colspan=2 | u || colspan=2 | /i/ || colspan=2 | [[wikt:murum#Latin|mur]] || colspan=2 | /mir/
|-
|-
| ū || /u/ || u || /u/ || colspan=2 | u || colspan=2 | /y/
| au || /au/ || au || /au/  || colspan=2 | au || colspan=2 | /ai/ || colspan=2 | [[wikt:cauda#Latin|caudh]] || colspan=2 | /kaið/
|}
 
===Gothic vowel changes===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Development of Wulfilan Gothic vowels in Niemish
!rowspan=3|Gothic !!colspan=2|Initial !!colspan="6"|Medial !!colspan=9|Final
|-
!rowspan="2"| !!rowspan=2|/_r/ !!rowspan="2"|/_r/ !!rowspan="2"|/_l/
!rowspan="2"|/_p, b, f, m/
!rowspan="2"|/_w/
!colspan="2"|/_other/
!colspan=7|/_one consonant/ !!rowspan=2|/_cluster/ !!rowspan="2"|absolutely final
|-
! one consonant !! cluster
! /_r/ !! /_l/ !! /_n/ !! /_p, b, f, m/ !! /_w/ !! /_j/ !! /_other/
|-
!i, aí
| i || e || e || colspan=4|i || e ||colspan=3|e ||colspan=2|iu || i || colspan=2|e || ʲ
|-
!a
|colspan=2| a || rowspan=2 colspan=4|u || rowspan=2| y || rowspan=2|u || rowspan=2|u || rowspan=2 colspan=2|o || rowspan=2 colspan=5|u ||rowspan=2|Ø
|-
!u, aú
| u || o
|-
!ē, ei
|colspan=2 |i || rowspan=2 colspan=5|i || rowspan=2|e || rowspan=2 colspan=2|i || rowspan=2|e || rowspan=2 colspan=8|e
|-
!ái, aíh
|colspan=2 |ia
|-
!ā
|colspan=2|a || rowspan=3 colspan=4|u || rowspan=3|y || rowspan=3|u ||rowspan=3 colspan=8|a
|-
!áu, aúh
|colspan=2|o
|-
!ō, ū
|colspan=2|u
|}
 
===adjectives===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=3 | Case !! colspan=6 | indefinite !! colspan=6 | definite
|-
! colspan=3 | singular !! colspan=3 | plural !! colspan=3 | singular !! colspan=3 | plural
|-
! masc. !! neut. !! fem. !! masc. !! neut. !! fem. !! masc. !! neut. !! fem. !! masc. !! neut. !! fem.
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=2 | blínd || blénd || bléndas || blénd || blénds || blénd || colspan=2 | blénda || bléndas || bléndon || bléndos
|-
! Genitive
| colspan=2 | blínds || blénds || colspan=2 | blíndse || bléndsa ||  colspan=2 | blíndes || bléndos || colspan=2 | blíndne || bléndna
|-
! Dative
| colspan=2| bléndum || blénde || colspan=3 | bléndę || colspan=2 |bléndę || bléndą || colspan=3 | bléndą
|}
 
===adj===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=4 | Case !! colspan=6 | attributive !! colspan=6 | predicative
|-
! colspan=3 | singular !! colspan=3 | plural !! colspan=3 | singular !! colspan=3 | plural
|-
! colspan=2 | masc./neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem. !! rowspan=2 | masc. !! rowspan=2 | neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem. !! rowspan=2 | masc. !! rowspan=2 | neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem. !! rowspan=2 | masc. !! rowspan=2 | neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem.
|-
! indefinite !! definite
|-
! Direct
| blínd || colspan=2 | blénd || colspan=3 | blénd || blénd || colspan=2 | blénda || bléndas || bléndon || bléndos
|-
! Genitive
| colspan=2 | blínd || blénd || colspan=2 | blínd || blénd ||  colspan=2 | blíndes || bléndos || colspan=2 | blíndse || bléndsa
|-
! Dative
| colspan=3 | blénd || colspan=3 | blénd || colspan=2 |bléndę || bléndą || colspan=3 | bléndą
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=4 | Case !! colspan=6 | attributive !! colspan=6 | predicative
|-
! colspan=3 | singular !! colspan=3 | plural !! colspan=3 | singular !! colspan=3 | plural
|-
! colspan=2 | masc./neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem. !! rowspan=2 | masc. !! rowspan=2 | neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem. !! rowspan=2 | masc. !! rowspan=2 | neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem. !! rowspan=2 | masc. !! rowspan=2 | neut. !! rowspan=2 | fem.
|-
! indefinite !! definite
|-
! Direct
| frús || colspan=2 | frós || colspan=3 | frós || frós || colspan=2 | frósa || frósas || fróson || frósos
|-
! Genitive
| colspan=2 | frús || frós || colspan=2 | frús || frós ||  colspan=2 | frúses || frósos || colspan=2 | frúsne || frósna
|-
! Dative
| colspan=3 | frós || colspan=3 | frós || colspan=2 |frósę || frósą || colspan=3 | frósą
|}
 
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|colspan=2|/m/ ⟨m⟩
|/n/ ⟨n⟩
!rowspan=2 style="border-bottom:0;"|
||/ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ <ref name=j>before a front vowel or ⟨j⟩</ref>
|/ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩
|-
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
|colspan=2|/p/ ⟨p⟩
|/t/ ⟨t⟩
|/k/ ⟨k⟩ <ref name=j/>
|/q/ ⟨k⟩
|-
![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!colspan=2|
|/ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ <ref name=j/>
!colspan=3 style="border-top:0;"|
|-
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|/f/ ⟨f⟩
|/v/ ⟨v⟩
|/s/ ⟨s⟩
|/ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ <ref name=j/>
|/ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ <ref name=j/>
|/ʁ/ ⟨g⟩
|-
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-bottom:0;"|
|/l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ <ref>second articulation when geminated</ref>
!colspan=3 style="border:0;"|
|-
![[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|/ɾ/ ⟨r⟩
!colspan=3 style="border:0;"|
|-
![[Semivowel]]
!colspan=3 style="border-top:0;"|
|/j/ ⟨j⟩
!colspan=2 style="border-top:0;"|
|}
 
==Everish==
{{Private}}
 
{{Infobox language
|name = Everish
|nativename = Eveireg
|pronunciation = eˈvei̯ɾeɡ
|creator = Tardigrade
|states = Spain, Portugal
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2= [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam3= [[Insular Celtic]]
|fam4= [[Brythonic]]
|ancestor= [[w:Common Brythonic|Common Brythonic]]
|script1 = Latn
}}
 
Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
 
==Phonology and Orthography==
===Everish Consonants===
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 |
! [[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! [[w:Dental_consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:Alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced_bilabial_nasal|m]] ⟨m⟩
| rowspan=3 style=border-right:0; |
| style=border-left:0; |
| [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals|n]] ⟨n⟩
| [[w:ɲ|ɲ]] ⟨ñ⟩
| [[w:ŋ|ŋ]] ⟨ng, ngu⟩
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
| [[w:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] ⟨p⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_plosive|t]] ⟨t⟩
| rowspan=2 |
| [[w:t͡ʃ|t͡ʃ]] ⟨ch⟩
| [[w:/k/|k]] ⟨c, qu⟩
|-
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_bilabial_plosive|b]]~[[w:/β/|β]] ⟨b⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_dental_plosive|d]]~[[w:/ð/|ð]] ⟨d⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:d͡ʒ|d͡ʒ]]~[[w:ʒ|ʒ]] ⟨g, j⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_velar_plosive|ɡ]]~[[w:/ɣ/|ɣ]] ⟨g, gu⟩
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| [[w:Voiced_labial_fricative|v]] ⟨v⟩
| [[w:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant|z]] ⟨z⟩
|-
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small>
|
| [[w:Voiceless_labial_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] ⟨ç⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩
| [[w:ʃ|ʃ]] ⟨x⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_velar_fricative|x]] ⟨h⟩
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] !! <small>[[w:Central consonant|central]]</small>
| rowspan=4 colspan=3 style=border-right:0; |
| style=border-left:0; |
| [[w:/j/|j]] ⟨y⟩
| [[w:/w/|w]] ⟨u⟩
|-
! <small>[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
| [[w:/l/|l]] ⟨l⟩
| [[w:/ʎ/|ʎ]] ⟨ll⟩
| rowspan=3 style=border-left:0; |
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Trill|Trill]]
| [[w:/r/|r]] ⟨rr⟩
|-
! colspan=2 | [[w:Tap|Tap]]
| [[w:/ɾ/|ɾ]] ⟨r⟩
|-
|}
 
===Vowels & Diphthongs===
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:
# the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
# the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
# the diphthongs
 
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 60px; " |Front
! style="width: 60px; " |Central
! style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| iː &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ʉ(ː)
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; u(ː)
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| ɪ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ʊ
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| eː &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; oː
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| ə
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| ɛ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
| ʌ &nbsp;&nbsp; ɔ(ː)
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a(ː) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
|
|}
 
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 70px; " |+ i̯
! style="width: 70px; " |+ u̯
|-
! style="" |Near-close
|
| ɪu̯
|-
! style="" |Mid
| əi̯
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| ɛi̯ &nbsp;&nbsp; ɔi̯
| ɛu̯ &nbsp;&nbsp; ɔu̯
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| au̯
|}
 
===Sound Changes===
====Consonant Mutations====
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:truinel|truinel]]'').
 
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; " |Radical
! style="width: 90px; " |Nasal
! style="width: 90px; " |Lenis
! style="width: 90px; " |Spirant
|-
| ''p'' /p/
| colspan=2 | ''b'' /b/
| ''f'' /f/
|-
| ''t'' /t/
| colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/
| ''ç'' /θ/
|-
| ''c'' /k/
| colspan=2 | ''g'' /g/
| ''h'' /x/
|-
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/
| colspan=2 | ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''x'' /ʃ/
|-
| ''b'' /b/
| ''m'' /m/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
|-
| ''d'' /d/
| ''n'' /n/
| colspan=2 | ∅
|-
| ''g'' /ɡ/
| ''ng'' /ŋ/
| colspan=2 | ∅
|-
| ''gu'' /ɡw/
| ''ng'' /ŋw/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
|-
| ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| colspan=2 | ''y'' /j/
|-
| ''y'' /j/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| colspan=2 |
|-
| ''ll'' /ʎ/
|
| ''l'' /l/
|
|-
| ''m'' /m/
|
| ''v'' /ṽ/
|
|-
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
|
| ''n'' /n/
|
|-
| ''rr'' /r/
|
| ''r'' /ɾ/
|
|}
 
Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband".
 
Examples:
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''do Varselen'' "to Barcelona".
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats".
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona", ''mi garrer'' "my road"
 
===List===
{|class="wikitable"
|i=No| №
!c=en| [[w:English|English]]
!c=cel-pro| [[w:Proto-Celtic|Proto-Celtic]]
!c=cel-bry-pro| [[w:Proto-Brythonic|Common Brittonic]]
!c=br| [[w:Breton|Breton]]
!c=kw| [[w:Cornish|Cornish]]
!c=cy| [[w:Welsh|Welsh]]
!c=sga| [[w:Old Irish|Old Irish]]
!c=ev| [[Everish]]
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| [[I]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mī}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mi}}
|c=br| {{l|br|me}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|my}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mi}}, {{l|cy|fi}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|mé}}
|c=ev| {{term#mi|mi}}
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| [[you]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tū}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ti}}
|c=br| {{l|br|te}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ty}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ti}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|tú}}
|c=ev| {{term#ti|ti}}
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| [[he]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*es}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*eβ̃}}
|c=br| {{l|br|eñ}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ev}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ef}}, {{l|cy|fe}}, {{l|cy|fo}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|é}}
|c=ev| {{term#ey|ey}}
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| [[we]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*snīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ni}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ni}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ny}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ni}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sní}}
|c=ev| {{term#ni|ni}}
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| [[you]] {{small|(plural)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*swīs}}, {{l|cel-pro|*swīsswīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*hwi}}
|c=br| {{l|br|c'hwi}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|hwi}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|chi}}, {{l|cy|chwi}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sib}}, {{l|sga|síi}}
|c=ev| {{term#huy|huy}}
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| [[they]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*yoi}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|i}}, {{l|br|int}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|i}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hwy}}, {{l|cy|hwynt}}, {{l|cy|nhw}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|é}}
|c=ev| {{term#i|i}}
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| [[this]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*se-}}, {{l|cel-pro|*sindos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*so-sin}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|an}} ... {{l|br|mañ}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|an}} ... {{l|kw|ma}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hwn}}, {{l|cy|y}} ... {{l|cy|yma}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|in}} ... {{l|sga|so}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|seo}}, {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|so}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an}} ... {{l|gd|seo}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|yn}} ... {{l|gv|shoh}}
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| [[that]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*emo-}}, {{l|cel-pro|*sindo-de}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|an}} ... {{l|br|se}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|an}} ... {{l|kw|na}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hwnnw}}, {{l|cy|y}} ... {{l|cy|yna}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|in}} ... {{l|sga|sin}}, {{l|sga|in}} ... {{l|sga|tall}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|sin}}, {{l|ga|an}} ... {{l|ga|siúd}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an}} ... {{l|gd|sin}}, {{l|gd|an}} ... {{l|gd|siud}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|yn}} ... {{l|gv|shen}}, {{l|gv|yn}} ... {{l|gv|shid}}
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| [[here]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*sondo}}, {{l|cel-pro|*uman}}?
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|amañ}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|omma}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|yma}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|sund}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|anseo}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an-seo}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ayns shoh}}, {{l|gv|aynshoh}}
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| [[there]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*anda}}?, {{l|cel-pro|*kē}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|aze}}, {{l|br|eno}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ena}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|yna}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|tall}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ansin}}, {{l|ga|ansiúd}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|an sin}}, {{l|gd|an siud}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ayns shen}}, {{l|gv|ayns shid}}
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| [[who]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷēs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*puɨ}}
|c=br| {{l|br|piv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|piw}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pwy}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cía}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cé}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cò}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|quoi}}
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| [[what]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷid}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|petra}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pyth}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|beth}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cid}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cad é}}, {{l|ga|céard}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ciod}}, {{l|gd|dè}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|c'red}}, {{l|gv|cre}}
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| [[where]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷuts}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pelec'h}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ple}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ble}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cairm}}, {{l|sga|cía airm}}, {{l|sga|cía dú}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cá}}, {{l|ga|cá háit}}, {{l|ga|cén áit}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|càite}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|c'raad}}
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| [[when]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷan(o)}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pedavare}}, {{l|br|pegoulz}}, {{l|br|peur}}, {{l|br|pevare}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|p'eur}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pryd}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cuin}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cá huair}}, {{l|ga|cathain}}, {{l|ga|cén uair}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cuin}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cre'n traa}}, {{l|cy|cuin}}
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| [[how]]
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pegiz}}, {{l|br|penaos}}, {{l|br|pevod}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|fatel}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|sut}}, {{l|cy|pa fodd}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cía chruth}}, {{l|sga|cía indas}}, {{l|sga|cindas}}, {{l|sga|co}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cad é mar}}, {{l|ga|cén chaoi}}, {{l|ga|conas}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ciamar}}, {{l|gd|cionnas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cre'n aght}}, {{l|gv|kanys}}, {{l|gv|kys}}
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| [[not]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ne}}, {{l|cel-pro|*nīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ni}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ne}} ... {{l|br|ket}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ny}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ddim}}, {{l|cy|nid}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ní}}, {{l|sga|nícon}}
|c=ev| {{term#ne|ne}}
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| [[all]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*olyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|holl}}, {{l|br|tout}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|oll}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|holl}}, {{l|cy|i gyd}}, {{l|cy|oll}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|uile}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|uile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|uile}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ooilley}}
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| [[many]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸilu-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kalz}}, {{l|br|lies a}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lies}}, {{l|kw|lower}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llawer}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|il}}, {{l|sga|imdae}}, {{l|sga|mór}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|a lán}}, {{l|ga|mórán}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|mòran}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|mooarane}}, {{l|gv|ram}}
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| [[some]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*nekʷos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bennak}}, {{l|br|meur a}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|nebes}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|rhai}}, {{l|cy|rhyw}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|nach}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|éigin}}, {{l|ga|roinnt}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|eigin}}, {{l|gd|roinn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ennagh}}, {{l|gv|kuse}}, {{l|gv|shiartanse}}
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| [[few]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*bikkano}}, {{l|cel-pro|*nekʷos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|nebeut}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|nebes}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ychydig}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bec}}, {{l|sga|terc}}, {{l|sga|úathad}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|beagán}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|beagan}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|beggan}}
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| [[other]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*alyos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*aralyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|all}}, {{l|br|arall}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|aral}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|arall}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|aile}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|eile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|eile}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|elley}}
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| [[one]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*oinos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*oynānos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ʉn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|unan}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|onan}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|un}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|óen}}
|c=ev| {{term#un|un}}
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| [[two]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*dwau}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*dọw}}
|c=br| {{l|br|daou}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|dew}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|dá}}
|c=ev| {{term#do|do}}
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| [[three]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*trīs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*tri}}
|c=br| {{l|br|tri}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|tri}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tair}}, {{l|cy|tri}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|trí}}
|c=ev| {{term#tri|tri}}
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| [[four]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷetwores}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*pedwar}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pevar}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|peswar}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pedwar}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cethair}}
|c=ev| {{term#peser|peser}}
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| [[five]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷenkʷe}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*pɨmp}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pemp}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pymp}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pump}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cóic}}
|c=ev| {{term#pim|pim}}
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| [[big]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*brassos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*māros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mọr}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bras}}, {{l|br|meur}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bras}}, {{l|br|meur}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mawr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|oll}}, {{l|sga|mór}}
|c=ev| {{term#bras|bras}}
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| [[long]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*sīros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*hir}}
|c=br| {{l|br|hir}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|hir}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|hir}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fota}}, {{l|sga|sír}}
|c=ev| {{term#ir|ir}}
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| [[wide]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸlitanos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*llɨdan}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ledan}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ledan}}, {{l|kw|efan}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llydan}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|lethan}}
|c=ev| {{term#lledan|lledan}}
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| [[thick]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*remros}}, {{l|cel-pro|*tegus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*teɣ}}
|c=br| {{l|br|tev}}, {{l|br|fetis}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|tew}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tew}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|remor}}, {{l|sga|tiug}}
|c=ev| {{term#treu|teu}}
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| [[heavy]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*trummos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*trum}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pounner}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|poos}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|trwm}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|trom}}
|c=ev| {{term#trum|trum}}
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| [[small]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*bikkos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bɨx}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bihan}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bian}}, {{l|kw|byghan}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|bach}}, {{l|cy|bychan}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bec}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|beag}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|beag}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|beg}}
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| [[short]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*birros}}, {{l|cel-pro|*gerros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bɨrr}}
|c=br| {{l|br|berr}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|berr}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|byr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cummair}}, {{l|sga|berr}}, {{l|sga|gerr}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|gearr}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|geàrr}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|giare}}
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| [[narrow]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*angus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*kʉl}}
|c=br| {{l|br|enk}}, {{l|br|strizh}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kul}}, {{l|kw|ynn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cul}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cáel}}, {{l|sga|cumung}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cúng}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cumhang}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|coon}}
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| [[thin]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tanauyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|moan}}, {{l|br|tanav}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|moon}}, {{l|kw|tanow}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tenau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|séim}}, {{l|sga|tanae}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|tanaí}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|tana}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|thanney}}
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| [[woman]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*benā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ben}}, {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwrėg}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwreg}}, {{l|br|maouez}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|benyn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|benw}}, {{l|cy|benyw}}, {{l|cy|dynes}}, {{l|cy|gwraig}}, {{l|cy|merch}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ben}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bean}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|bean}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ben}}
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| [[man]] {{small|(adult male)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*wiros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwur}}
|c=br| {{l|cy|gour}}, {{l|br|gwaz}}, {{l|cy|den}}
|c=kw| {{l|cy|gour}}, {{l|kw|gwas}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}, {{l|cy|gŵr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fer}}
|c=ev| {{term#guas|guas}}
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| [[man]] {{small|(human being)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*gdonyos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*dün}}
|c=br| {{l|br|den}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|den}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|duine}}
|c=ev| {{term#din|din}}
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| [[child]] {{small|(youth)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mustākos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bugel}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|flogh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|plant}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|lenab}}, {{l|sga|noídiu}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|leanbh}}, {{l|ga|páiste}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|leanabh}}, {{l|gd|pàiste}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|lhiannoo}}, {{l|cy|paitçhey}}
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| [[wife]]
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwrėg}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwreg}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwreg}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwraig}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ben}}, {{l|sga|séitig}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bean}}, {{l|ga|bean chéile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|bean}}, {{l|gd|bean-chèile}}, {{l|gd|bean-phòsta}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ben}}, {{l|gv|ben heshey}}, {{l|gv|ben phoost}}
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| [[husband]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*wiros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwur}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwaz}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gour}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gŵr}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|céile}}, {{l|sga|fer}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|fear céile}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|fear-pòsta}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|dooinney}}, {{l|gv|dooinney poost}}, {{l|gv|sheshey}}, {{l|gv|sheshey poost}}
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| [[mother]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mātīr}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mamm}}
|c=br| {{l|br|mamm}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|mamm}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|mam}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|máthair}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|máthair}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|màthair}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|moir}}
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| [[father]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸatīr}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*tad}}
|c=br| {{l|br|tad}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|tas}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tad}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|athair}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|athair}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|athair}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ayr}}
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| [[animal]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*mīlom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*mil}}
|c=br| {{l|br|aneval}}, {{l|br|loen}}, {{l|br|mil}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|eneval}}, {{l|kw|mil}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|anifail}}, {{l|cy|mil}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|anmandae}}, {{l|sga|míl}}, {{l|sga|robb}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ainmhí}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ainmhidh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|baagh}}, {{l|gv|baaghtagh}}, {{l|gv|bioagh}}, {{l|gv|cretoor}}
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| [[fish]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸēskos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*uɨsk}}
|c=br| {{l|br|pesk}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pysk}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pysgodyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|íasc}}
|c=ev| {{term#peixed|peixed}}
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| [[bird]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸatar}}, {{l|cel-pro|*ɸetnos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*edn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|evn}}, {{l|br|labous}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|edhen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|aderyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|én}}
|c=ev| {{term#eden|eden}}
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| [[dog]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kū}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ki}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ki}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ki}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ci}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cú}}, {{l|sga|matad}}
|c=ev| {{term#chi|chi}}
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| [[louse]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*luwā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|laou}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|low}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|míl}}, {{l|sga|míl étgudo}}
|c=ev| {{term#llo|llo}}
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| [[snake]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*natrixs}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|naer}}, {{l|br|sarpant}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|sarf}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|neidr}}, {{l|cy|sarff}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|nathair}}
|c=ev| {{term#nader|nader}}
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| [[worm]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷrimis}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*prɨβ̃}}
|c=br| {{l|br|buzhug}}, {{l|cy|preñv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pryv}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|abwydyn}}, {{l|cy|mwydyn}}, {{l|cy|pryf}}, {{l|cy|pryf genwair}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cruim}}
|c=ev| {{term#prĩu|prĩu}}
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| [[tree]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷresnom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*prenn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwez}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwedh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coed}}, {{l|cy|colfen}}, {{l|cy|pren}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|crann}}, {{l|sga|fid}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bile}}, {{l|ga|crann}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|crann}}, {{l|gd|craobh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|billey}}
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| [[forest]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kaito-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*koɨd}}
|c=br| {{l|br|koad}}, {{l|br|koed}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|koos}}, {{l|kw|koswik}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coedwig}}, {{l|cy|fforest}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|caill}}, {{l|sga|fid}}, {{l|sga|fidbad}}, {{l|sga|ros}}, {{l|sga|ruud}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|coill}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|coille}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|keyll}}
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| [[stick]] {{small|(of wood)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lorgā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bazh}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lorgh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ffon}}, {{l|cy|llory}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|flesc}}, {{l|sga|maide}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bata}}, {{l|ga|maide}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|bata}}, {{l|gd|bioran}}, {{l|gd|maide}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|maidjey}}
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| [[fruit]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*sutu-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|frouezh}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|frooth}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ffrwyth}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|mess}}, {{l|sga|torad}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|toradh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|meas}}, {{l|gd|toradh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|mess}}, {{l|gv|troar}}
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| [[seed]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*segeto-}}, {{l|cel-pro|*sīlom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|had}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|has}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|had}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|síl}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|síol}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sìol}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|rass}}, {{l|gv|sheel}}
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| [[leaf]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*dolnyā}}, {{l|cel-pro|*dolyā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|del}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|delen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dail}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|duilne}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|duille}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|duilleag}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|duillag}}
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| [[root]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*wridā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|gwrizienn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwreydh}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwraidd}}, {{l|cy|gwreiddyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|frém}}, {{l|sga|mecon}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|fréamh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|freumh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|fraue}}
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| [[bark]] {{small|(of tree)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ruskos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*rrisk}}
|c=br| {{l|br|rusk}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|rusk}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|rhisgl}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|coirt}}, {{l|sga|croiccenn}}, {{l|sga|crottball}}, {{l|sga|rúsc}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|coirt}}, {{l|ga|rúsc}}}, {{l|ga|snamh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|rùsg}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|roost}}
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| [[flower]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*blātus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*blọd}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bleuñv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bleujen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|blodyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bláth}}, {{l|sga|scoth}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bláth}}, {{l|ga|scoth}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|blàth}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|blaa}}
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| [[grass]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*gʷeltā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwellt}}
|c=br| {{l|br|geot}}, {{l|br|gwelt}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|gwels}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwellt}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fér}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|féar}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|feur}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|faiyr}}
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| [[rope]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lomanā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kordenn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lovan}}, {{l|kw|korden}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|rhaff}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|loman}}, {{l|sga|súainem}}, {{l|sga|tét}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|téad}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ròpa}}, {{l|gd|teud}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|tead}}
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| [[skin]] {{small|(of a person)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*krokkenom}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kroknom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*krʉn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|kroc'hen}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kroghen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|croen}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cnes}}, {{l|sga|croiccenn}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cneas}}, {{l|ga|craiceann}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cneas}},{{l|gd|craiceann}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|crackan}}
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| [[meat]] {{small|(as in flesh)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kīkos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*mīros}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kig}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kig}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cig}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cúa}}, {{l|sga|féoil}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|feoil}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|feòil}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|feill}}
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| [[blood]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*krowos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*krow}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gwad}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|goos}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwaed}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|crú}}, {{l|sga|fuil}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cró}}, {{l|ga|fuil}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|fuil}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|fuill}}
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| [[bone]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*astkornu}}, {{l|cel-pro|*knāmis}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|askorn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|askorn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|asgwrn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cnáim}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cnámh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cnàimh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|craue}}
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| [[fat]] {{small|(noun)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*gʷered-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|druz}}, {{l|br|lart}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|blonek}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|saim}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|béoil}}, {{l|sga|blonac}}, {{l|sga|geir}}, {{l|sga|íth}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|blonag}}, {{l|ga|saill}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|saill}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|blennick}}, {{l|gv|sahll}}
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| [[egg]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*āuyom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|vi}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|oy}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|wy}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|og}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ubh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ugh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ooh}}
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| [[horn]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kornu-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|korn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|korn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|corn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|adarc}}, {{l|sga|benn}}, {{l|sga|corn}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|adharc}}, {{l|ga|corn}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|adharc}}, {{l|gd|corn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|corn}}, {{l|gv|eairk}}
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| [[tail]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lostā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|lost}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lost}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cynffon}}, {{l|cy|llost}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|erball}}, {{l|sga|err}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|eireaball}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|earball}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|arbyl}}, {{l|gv|famman}}
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| [[feather]]{{small|(rather not down)}}
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|pluñv}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|pluv}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|plu}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cleitte}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cleite}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ite}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|clooie}}, {{l|gv|fedjag}}
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| [[hair]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*woltos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gwollt}}
|c=br| {{l|br|blev}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|blew}}, {{l|kw|gols}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|blew}}, {{l|cy|gwallt}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|finna}} {{l|sga|folt}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|folt}}, {{l|ga|gruaig}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|falt}}, {{l|gd|gruag}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|folt}}, {{l|gv|gruag}}
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| [[head]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kʷennom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*penn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|penn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|penn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|pen}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cenn}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ceann}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ceann}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|kione}}
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| [[ear]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ausos}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kloustā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*klʉst}}
|c=br| {{l|br|skouarn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|skovarn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|clust}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|áu}}, {{l|sga|clúas}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cluas}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cluas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cleaysh}}
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| [[eye]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*lukato-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*llugad}}
|c=br| {{l|br|lagad}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|lagas}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llygad}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|rosc}}, {{l|sga|súil}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|rosc}}, {{l|ga|súil}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sùil}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|sooill}}
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| [[nose]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*srognā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*froɨn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|fri}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|troen}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|trwyn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|srón}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|srón}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sròn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|stroin}}
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| [[mouth]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*genus}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*gen}}
|c=br| {{l|br|beg}}, {{l|br|genoù}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ganow}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ceg}}, {{l|cy|genau}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|á}}, {{l|sga|bél}}, {{l|sga|gin}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|béal}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|beul}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|beeal}}
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| [[tooth]] {{small|(rather not molar)}}
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*dant}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*dant}}
|c=br| {{l|br|dant}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|dans}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dant}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|dét}}, {{l|sga|fíacail}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|déad}}, {{l|ga|fiacail}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|fiacaill}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|feeackle}}
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| [[tongue]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tangʷāss}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|teod}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|taves}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|tafod}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|tengae}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|teanga}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|teanga}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|çhengey}}
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| [[fingernail]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*angʷīnā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*ėɣwin}}
|c=br| {{l|br|ivin}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|ewyn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|ewin}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ingen}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ionga}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|ìne}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|ingin}}
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| [[foot]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*tregess}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|troad}}, {{l|br|troed}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|troes}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|troed}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cos}}, {{l|sga|traig}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cos}}, {{l|ga|troigh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cass}}
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| [[leg]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*koxsā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*koɨs}}
|c=br| {{l|br|gar}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|garr}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coes}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cos}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|cos}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cas}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cass}}, {{l|gv|lurgey}}
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| [[knee]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*glūnos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*glin}}
|c=br| {{l|br|glin}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|glin}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|glin}}, {{l|cy|pen-glin}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|glún}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|glúin}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|glùn}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|glioon}}
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| [[hand]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸlāmā}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*llọβ̃}}
|c=br| {{l|br|dorn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|dorn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|llaw}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|lám}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|lámh}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|làmh}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|laue}}
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| [[wing]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*ɸatanī}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|askell}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|askell}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|adain}}, {{l|cy|asgell}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|ette}}, {{l|sga|scíath}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|eite}}, {{l|ga|eiteog}}, {{l|ga|sciath}}, {{l|ga|sciathán}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|sgiath}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|fedjag}}, {{l|gv|skian}}
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| [[belly]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*bolgos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bolɣ}}
|c=br| {{l|br|kof}}, {{l|br|tor}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kroth}}, {{l|kw|torr}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|bol}}, {{l|cy|bola}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|bolg}}, {{l|sga|brú}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|bolg}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|broinn}}, {{l|gd|brù}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|bolg}}
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| [[gut]]s
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|bouzellenn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kolodhyon}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|coluddion}}, {{l|cy|perfeddion}}, {{l|cy|ymysgaroedd}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cáelán}}, {{l|sga|inathar}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|inní}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|caolan}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|collane}}
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| [[neck]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*monis}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|gouzoug}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|konna}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|gwddf}}, {{l|cy|gwddwg}}, {{l|cy|mwnwgl}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|brága}}, {{l|sga|muin}}, {{l|sga|muinél}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|muineál}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|muineal}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|mwannal}}
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| [[back]]
|c=cel-pro|
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|kein}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|keyn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|cefn}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cúl}}, {{l|sga|druimm}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|droim}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|druim}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|dreeym}}
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| [[breast]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*brusū}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kīkos}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*bronn}}
|c=br| {{l|br|bronn}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|bronn}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|bron}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cích}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|brollach}}, {{l|ga|cíoch}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cìoch}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|keeagh}}
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| [[heart]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*kalonā}}, {{l|cel-pro|*kridyom}}
|c=cel-bry-pro| {{l|cel-bry-pro|*kalon}}
|c=br| {{l|br|kalon}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|kolon}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|calon}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|cride}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|croí}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|cridhe}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|cree}}
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| [[liver]]
|c=cel-pro| {{l|cel-pro|*awV-}}
|c=cel-bry-pro|
|c=br| {{l|br|avu}}
|c=kw| {{l|kw|avi}}
|c=cy| {{l|cy|afu}}
|c=sga| {{l|sga|óa}}
|c=ga| {{l|ga|ae}}
|c=gd| {{l|gd|adha}}
|c=gv| {{l|gv|aane}}
|}
 
==Bandal==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bandal
! Maltese
! [[Siculo-Arabic]]<br/>(in [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]])
! Arabic text
! English
|-
| bebbuxu
| {{lang|mt|bebbuxu}}
| {{lang|scn|babbaluciu}}
| {{lang|ary|ببوش|rtl=yes}} (babbūš)<br/>
| snail
|-
| gebbu
| {{lang|mt|ġiebja}}
| {{lang|scn|gebbia}}
| {{lang|ar|جب|rtl=yes}} (jabb)
| cistern
|-
| giunglena
| {{lang|mt|ġunġlien}}
| {{lang|scn|giuggiulena}}
| {{lang|ar|جنجلان|rtl=yes}} (junjulān)
| sesame seed
|-
| seghija
| {{lang|mt|sieqja}}
| {{lang|scn|saia}}
| {{lang|ar|ساقية|rtl=yes}} (sāqiyah)
| canal
|-
| tennuru
| {{lang|mt|kenur}}
| {{lang|scn|tannura}}
| {{lang|ar|تنور|rtl=yes}} (tannūr)
| oven
|-
| zafranu
| {{lang|mt|żagħfran}}
| {{lang|scn|zaffarana}}
| {{lang|ar|زعفران|rtl=yes}} (zaʿfarān)
| [[saffron]]
|-
| zara
| żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian)
| {{lang|scn|zagara}}
| {{lang|ar|زهرة|rtl=yes}} (zahrah)
| blossom
|-
| sbiba
| {{lang|mt|żbib}}
| {{lang|scn|zibbibbu}}
| {{lang|ar|زبيب|rtl=yes}} (zabīb)
| raisins
|-
| segu
| {{lang|mt|zokk}} (may be borrowed from Sicilian)
| {{lang|scn|zuccu}}
| {{lang|ar|ساق|rtl=yes}} (sāq)
| tree trunk
|-
| tebutu
| {{lang|mt|tebut}}
| {{lang|scn|tabbutu}}
| {{lang|ar|تابوت|rtl=yes}} (tābūt)
| coffin
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Maltese
! Berber languages
! English
|-
| grinxula
| ''gremxula''
| ''azrem ašal'', lit. 'land worm', ([[Kabyle language|Kabyle]])
| lizard
|-
| ficruna
|''fekruna''
|''tifakrunin'' ([[Jerba Berber|Jerbi]]), ''ifekran'' ([[Shilha language|Tashelhiyt]]), ''ifkran'' (Kabyle)
|turtle
|-
| geddu
| ''geddum''
| ''aqadum'', lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle)
| chin
|-
| gendu
| ''gendus''
| ''gandūz'', lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi)
| ox, bull
|-
|
|''gerżuma''
|''ageržum'' ([[Mozabite language|Mozabite]], Tashelhiyt)
|throat
|-
|
|''tfief''
|''tilfaf'' ([[Ouargli language|Ouargli]]), ''tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf'' ([[Tarifit]])
|sow thistle (''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]'')
|-
|
|''tengħud''
|''talaɣūda'' ([[Tunisian Arabic]]), ''telɣūda'' ([[Algerian Arabic]])
|spurge (''[[Euphorbia]]'')
|-
|
|''kosksu''
|''kuskesu, kuskus'' (Kabyle)
|couscous, small round pasta
|-
| fart
|''fartas''
|''aferḍas'' (Ouargli, Kabyle)
|bald
|-
|''għaffeġ''
|‘''affež'' (Algerian Arabic), ''effeẓ'' (Ouargli, Mozabite)
|to crush, to squash
|-
|
|''żrinġ''
|''tažrant'' (Jerbi)
|frog
|-
| izrar
|''żrar''
|''zrar'' (Mozabite, Ouargli), ''azrar'' (Kabyle, [[Nafusi language|Nafusi]])
|gravel
|-
|
|''werżieq''
|''wárẓag'' ([[Mrazig]])
|cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker
|-
|
|''buqexrem''
|''buqišrem'' (Kabyle)
|vervain ([[Verbena officinalis]])
|-
|
|''fidloqqom''
|''fudalɣem'' (Kabyle)
|borage ([[Borage|Borago officinalis]])
|-
| zor
|''żorr''
|''uzur'' (Kabyle), ''uzzur'' (Tarifit)
|rude, arrogant
|-
|leddixer
|''lellex''
|''lelleš'' (Mozabite)
|to shine, to glitter
|-
| besber
|''pespes''
|''bbesbes'' (Ouargli)
|to whisper
|-
|tefter
|''teptep''
|''ṭṭebṭeb'' (Ouargli)
|to blink, to twinkle
|-
| bibber
|''webbel''
|''webben'' (Mozabite)
|to induce, to tempt
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 22:36, 16 February 2024

Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.

Veithois

Latin Insular
Proto-Romance		 Insular Romance Veithois example
transcription IPA orthography IPA
ī /i/ i /i/ i /i/ vid /vid/
i /ɪ/ ẹ /e/ è ei /ɛ/ /ei̯/ sec peil /sɛk/ /pei̯l/
ē /e/ ment cein /mɛnt/ /t͡ʃei̯n/
oe ester feid /ɛstər/ /fei̯d/
e /ɛ/ ę /ɛ/ é /e/ ter pedh /tɛr/ /peð/
ae estod cel /ɛˈstod/ /t͡ʃel/
a /a/ a /a/ a /a/ can /kan/
ā /ɑ/ ǫ /ɔ/ ò ó /ɔ/ /o/ nos /noz/
o /ɔ/ sot cor /sɔt/ /kor/
ō /o/ ọ /o/ ou eu /u/ /e/ mount fleur /munt/ /fler/
u /ʊ/ gout gheul /gut/ /gel/
ū /u/ u /u/ u /i/ mur /mir/
au /au/ au /au/ au /ai/ caudh /kaið/

Gothic vowel changes

Development of Wulfilan Gothic vowels in Niemish
Gothic Initial Medial Final
/_r/ /_r/ /_l/ /_p, b, f, m/ /_w/ /_other/ /_one consonant/ /_cluster/ absolutely final
one consonant cluster /_r/ /_l/ /_n/ /_p, b, f, m/ /_w/ /_j/ /_other/
i, aí i e e i e e iu i e ʲ
a a u y u u o u Ø
u, aú u o
ē, ei i i e i e e
ái, aíh ia
ā a u y u a
áu, aúh o
ō, ū u

adjectives

Case indefinite definite
singular plural singular plural
masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem.
Nominative blínd blénd bléndas blénd blénds blénd blénda bléndas bléndon bléndos
Genitive blínds blénds blíndse bléndsa blíndes bléndos blíndne bléndna
Dative bléndum blénde bléndę bléndę bléndą bléndą

adj

Case attributive predicative
singular plural singular plural
masc./neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem.
indefinite definite
Direct blínd blénd blénd blénd blénda bléndas bléndon bléndos
Genitive blínd blénd blínd blénd blíndes bléndos blíndse bléndsa
Dative blénd blénd bléndę bléndą bléndą
Case attributive predicative
singular plural singular plural
masc./neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem. masc. neut. fem.
indefinite definite
Direct frús frós frós frós frósa frósas fróson frósos
Genitive frús frós frús frós frúses frósos frúsne frósna
Dative frós frós frósę frósą frósą

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal /m/ ⟨m⟩ /n/ ⟨n⟩ /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ [1] /ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive /p/ ⟨p⟩ /t/ ⟨t⟩ /k/ ⟨k⟩ [1] /q/ ⟨k⟩
Affricate /ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ [1]
Fricative /f/ ⟨f⟩ /v/ ⟨v⟩ /s/ ⟨s⟩ /ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ [1] /ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ [1] /ʁ/ ⟨g⟩
Lateral /l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ [2]
Tap /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩
Semivowel /j/ ⟨j⟩

Everish


Everish
Eveireg
Pronunciation[eˈvei̯ɾeɡ]
Created byTardigrade
Native toSpain, Portugal
Early form

Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.

Phonology and Orthography

Everish Consonants

The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩
Plosive voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨c, qu⟩
voiced b~β ⟨b⟩ d~ð ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩
Fricative voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨z⟩
voiceless f ⟨f⟩ θ ⟨ç⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ x ⟨h⟩
Approximant central j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨u⟩
lateral l ⟨l⟩ ʎ ⟨ll⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩
Tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels & Diphthongs

Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:

  1. the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
  2. the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
  3. the diphthongs

The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:

Front Central Back
Close iː           ʉ(ː)      u(ː)
Near-close ɪ             ʊ
Close-mid eː           oː
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ      ʌ    ɔ(ː)
Near-open
Open a(ː)     

All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.

+ i̯ + u̯
Near-close ɪu̯
Mid əi̯
Open-mid ɛi̯    ɔi̯ ɛu̯    ɔu̯
Open au̯

Sound Changes

Consonant Mutations

As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).

The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.

Radical Nasal Lenis Spirant
p /p/ b /b/ f /f/
t /t/ d /d/ ç /θ/
c /k/ g /g/ h /x/
ch /t͡ʃ/ dj /d͡ʒ/ x /ʃ/
b /b/ m /m/ v /v/
d /d/ n /n/ ∅
g /ɡ/ ng /ŋ/ ∅
gu /ɡw/ ng /ŋw/ v /v/
dj /d͡ʒ/ ñ /ɲ/ y /j/
y /j/ ñ /ɲ/
ll /ʎ/ l /l/
m /m/ v /ṽ/
ñ /ɲ/ n /n/
rr /r/ r /ɾ/

Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".

Examples:

  • Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a reg "the woman", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
  • Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
  • Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"

List

№ English Proto-Celtic Common Brittonic Breton Cornish Welsh Old Irish Everish
1 I *mī *mi me my mi, fi mé mi
2 you *tū *ti te ty ti tú ti
3 he *es *eβ̃ eñ ev ef, fe, fo é ey
4 we *snīs *ni ni ny ni sní ni
5 you (plural) *swīs, *swīsswīs *hwi c'hwi hwi chi, chwi sib, síi huy
6 they *yoi i, int i hwy, hwynt, nhw é i
7 this *se-, *sindos, *so-sin an ... mañ an ... ma hwn, y ... yma in ... so an ... seo, an ... so an ... seo yn ... shoh
8 that *emo-, *sindo-de an ... se an ... na hwnnw, y ... yna in ... sin, in ... tall an ... sin, an ... siúd an ... sin, an ... siud yn ... shen, yn ... shid
9 here *sondo, *uman? amañ omma yma sund anseo an-seo ayns shoh, aynshoh
10 there *anda?, *kē aze, eno ena yna tall ansin, ansiúd an sin, an siud ayns shen, ayns shid
11 who *kʷēs *puɨ piv piw pwy cía cé cò quoi
12 what *kʷid petra pyth beth cid cad é, céard ciod, dè c'red, cre
13 where *kʷuts pelec'h ple ble cairm, cía airm, cía dú cá, cá háit, cén áit càite c'raad
14 when *kʷan(o) pedavare, pegoulz, peur, pevare p'eur pryd cuin cá huair, cathain, cén uair cuin cre'n traa, cuin
15 how pegiz, penaos, pevod fatel sut, pa fodd cía chruth, cía indas, cindas, co cad é mar, cén chaoi, conas ciamar, cionnas cre'n aght, kanys, kys
16 not *ne, *nīs *ni ne ... ket ny ddim, nid ní, nícon ne
17 all *olyos holl, tout oll holl, i gyd, oll uile uile uile ooilley
18 many *ɸilu- kalz, lies a lies, lower llawer il, imdae, mór a lán, mórán mòran mooarane, ram
19 some *nekʷos bennak, meur a nebes rhai, rhyw nach éigin, roinnt eigin, roinn ennagh, kuse, shiartanse
20 few *bikkano, *nekʷos nebeut nebes ychydig bec, terc, úathad beagán beagan beggan
21 other *alyos, *aralyos all, arall aral arall aile eile eile elley
22 one *oinos, *oynānos *ʉn unan onan un óen un
23 two *dwau *dọw daou dew dau dá do
24 three *trīs *tri tri tri tair, tri trí tri
25 four *kʷetwores *pedwar pevar peswar pedwar cethair peser
26 five *kʷenkʷe *pɨmp pemp pymp pump cóic pim
27 big *brassos, *māros *mọr bras, meur bras, meur mawr oll, mór bras
28 long *sīros *hir hir hir hir fota, sír ir
29 wide *ɸlitanos *llɨdan ledan ledan, efan llydan lethan lledan
30 thick *remros, *tegus *teɣ tev, fetis tew tew remor, tiug teu
31 heavy *trummos *trum pounner poos trwm trom trum
32 small *bikkos *bɨx bihan bian, byghan bach, bychan bec beag beag beg
33 short *birros, *gerros *bɨrr berr berr byr cummair, berr, gerr gearr geàrr giare
34 narrow *angus *kʉl enk, strizh kul, ynn cul cáel, cumung cúng cumhang coon
35 thin *tanauyos moan, tanav moon, tanow tenau séim, tanae tanaí tana thanney
36 woman *benā *ben, *gwrėg gwreg, maouez benyn benw, benyw, dynes, gwraig, merch ben bean bean ben
37 man (adult male) *wiros *gwur gour, gwaz, den gour, gwas dyn, gŵr fer guas
38 man (human being) *gdonyos *dün den den dyn duine din
39 child (youth) *mustākos bugel flogh plant lenab, noídiu leanbh, páiste leanabh, pàiste lhiannoo, paitçhey
40 wife *gwrėg gwreg gwreg gwraig ben, séitig bean, bean chéile bean, bean-chèile, bean-phòsta ben, ben heshey, ben phoost
41 husband *wiros *gwur gwaz gour gŵr céile, fer fear céile fear-pòsta dooinney, dooinney poost, sheshey, sheshey poost
42 mother *mātīr *mamm mamm mamm mam máthair máthair màthair moir
43 father *ɸatīr *tad tad tas tad athair athair athair ayr
44 animal *mīlom *mil aneval, loen, mil eneval, mil anifail, mil anmandae, míl, robb ainmhí ainmhidh baagh, baaghtagh, bioagh, cretoor
45 fish *ɸēskos *uɨsk pesk pysk pysgodyn íasc peixed
46 bird *ɸatar, *ɸetnos *edn evn, labous edhen aderyn én eden
47 dog *kū *ki ki ki ci cú, matad chi
48 louse *luwā laou low llau míl, míl étgudo llo
49 snake *natrixs naer, sarpant sarf neidr, sarff nathair nader
50 worm *kʷrimis *prɨβ̃ buzhug, preñv pryv abwydyn, mwydyn, pryf, pryf genwair cruim prĩu
51 tree *kʷresnom *prenn gwez gwedh coed, colfen, pren crann, fid bile, crann crann, craobh billey
52 forest *kaito- *koɨd koad, koed koos, koswik coedwig, fforest caill, fid, fidbad, ros, ruud coill coille keyll
53 stick (of wood) *lorgā bazh lorgh ffon, llory flesc, maide bata, maide bata, bioran, maide maidjey
54 fruit *sutu- frouezh frooth ffrwyth mess, torad toradh meas, toradh mess, troar
55 seed *segeto-, *sīlom had has had síl síol sìol rass, sheel
56 leaf *dolnyā, *dolyā del delen dail duilne duille duilleag duillag
57 root *wridā gwrizienn gwreydh gwraidd, gwreiddyn frém, mecon fréamh freumh fraue
58 bark (of tree) *ruskos *rrisk rusk rusk rhisgl coirt, croiccenn, crottball, rúsc coirt, rúsc}, snamh rùsg roost
59 flower *blātus *blọd bleuñv bleujen blodyn bláth, scoth bláth, scoth blàth blaa
60 grass *gʷeltā *gwellt geot, gwelt gwels gwellt fér féar feur faiyr
61 rope *lomanā kordenn lovan, korden rhaff loman, súainem, tét téad ròpa, teud tead
62 skin (of a person) *krokkenom, *kroknom *krʉn kroc'hen kroghen croen cnes, croiccenn cneas, craiceann cneas,craiceann crackan
63 meat (as in flesh) *kīkos, *mīros kig kig cig cúa, féoil feoil feòil feill
64 blood *krowos *krow gwad goos gwaed crú, fuil cró, fuil fuil fuill
65 bone *astkornu, *knāmis askorn askorn asgwrn cnáim cnámh cnàimh craue
66 fat (noun) *gʷered- druz, lart blonek saim béoil, blonac, geir, íth blonag, saill saill blennick, sahll
67 egg *āuyom vi oy wy og ubh ugh ooh
68 horn *kornu- korn korn corn adarc, benn, corn adharc, corn adharc, corn corn, eairk
69 tail *lostā lost lost cynffon, llost erball, err eireaball earball arbyl, famman
70 feather(rather not down) pluñv pluv plu cleitte cleite ite clooie, fedjag
71 hair *woltos *gwollt blev blew, gols blew, gwallt finna folt folt, gruaig falt, gruag folt, gruag
72 head *kʷennom *penn penn penn pen cenn ceann ceann kione
73 ear *ausos, *kloustā *klʉst skouarn skovarn clust áu, clúas cluas cluas cleaysh
74 eye *lukato- *llugad lagad lagas llygad rosc, súil rosc, súil sùil sooill
75 nose *srognā *froɨn fri troen trwyn srón srón sròn stroin
76 mouth *genus *gen beg, genoù ganow ceg, genau á, bél, gin béal beul beeal
77 tooth (rather not molar) *dant *dant dant dans dant dét, fíacail déad, fiacail fiacaill feeackle
78 tongue *tangʷāss teod taves tafod tengae teanga teanga çhengey
79 fingernail *angʷīnā *ėɣwin ivin ewyn ewin ingen ionga ìne ingin
80 foot *tregess troad, troed troes troed cos, traig cos, troigh cas cass
81 leg *koxsā *koɨs gar garr coes cos cos cas cass, lurgey
82 knee *glūnos *glin glin glin glin, pen-glin glún glúin glùn glioon
83 hand *ɸlāmā *llọβ̃ dorn dorn llaw lám lámh làmh laue
84 wing *ɸatanī askell askell adain, asgell ette, scíath eite, eiteog, sciath, sciathán sgiath fedjag, skian
85 belly *bolgos *bolɣ kof, tor kroth, torr bol, bola bolg, brú bolg broinn, brù bolg
86 guts bouzellenn kolodhyon coluddion, perfeddion, ymysgaroedd cáelán, inathar inní caolan collane
87 neck *monis gouzoug konna gwddf, gwddwg, mwnwgl brága, muin, muinél muineál muineal mwannal
88 back kein keyn cefn cúl, druimm droim druim dreeym
89 breast *brusū, *kīkos *bronn bronn bronn bron cích brollach, cíoch cìoch keeagh
90 heart *kalonā, *kridyom *kalon kalon kolon calon cride croí cridhe cree
91 liver *awV- avu avi afu óa ae adha aane

Bandal

Bandal Maltese Siculo-Arabic
(in Sicilian) 		Arabic text English
bebbuxu bebbuxu babbaluciu ببوش (babbūš)
 snail
gebbu ġiebja gebbia جب (jabb) cistern
giunglena ġunġlien giuggiulena جنجلان (junjulān) sesame seed
seghija sieqja saia ساقية (sāqiyah) canal
tennuru kenur tannura تنور (tannūr) oven
zafranu żagħfran zaffarana زعفران (zaʿfarān) saffron
zara żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) zagara زهرة (zahrah) blossom
sbiba żbib zibbibbu زبيب (zabīb) raisins
segu zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian) zuccu ساق (sāq) tree trunk
tebutu tebut tabbutu تابوت (tābūt) coffin
Maltese Berber languages English
grinxula gremxula azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle) lizard
ficruna fekruna tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle) turtle
geddu geddum aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) chin
gendu gendus gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) ox, bull
gerżuma ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt) throat
tfief tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit) sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
tengħud talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic) spurge (Euphorbia)
kosksu kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) couscous, small round pasta
fart fartas aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) bald
għaffeġ ‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) to crush, to squash
żrinġ tažrant (Jerbi) frog
izrar żrar zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi) gravel
werżieq wárẓag (Mrazig) cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker
buqexrem buqišrem (Kabyle) vervain (Verbena officinalis)
fidloqqom fudalɣem (Kabyle) borage (Borago officinalis)
zor żorr uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) rude, arrogant
leddixer lellex lelleš (Mozabite) to shine, to glitter
besber pespes bbesbes (Ouargli) to whisper
tefter teptep ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) to blink, to twinkle
bibber webbel webben (Mozabite) to induce, to tempt
  1. ^ a b c d e before a front vowel or ⟨j⟩
  2. ^ second articulation when geminated
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Tardigrade&oldid=359808"