User:Ceige/Kamunien: Difference between revisions

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The arguments for an Eskimo-Aleut relationship are similar to the arguments for a Uralic relationship.

* The Spacial cases ({{sc|loc, abl, ~~inn~~, ill, ins dat, all, exe, ela, pro}}) bear strong similarities to the case systems of several Inuit languages, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Case Greenlandic] and [http://www.tusaalanga.ca/node/1111 Inuktitut]. There appear to be additional innovations, and several absences, however.

* The Spacial cases ({{sc|loc, abl, ine, ill, ins dat, all, exe, ela, pro}}) bear strong similarities to the case systems of several Inuit languages, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Case Greenlandic] and [http://www.tusaalanga.ca/node/1111 Inuktitut]. There appear to be additional innovations, and several absences, however.

* The numbers correlate once again to Greenlandic and [http://www.tusaalanga.ca/node/1108 Inuktitut].

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|}

(There are also emphatic versions of the final -t series, using -tsi instead, which can be used when -t is too hard to hear over a bare vowel)

''(There are also emphatic versions of the final -t series, using -tsi instead, which can be used when -t is too hard to hear over a bare vowel. The same applies for the final -k series, using -ki insted)''

The new spacial noun cases are symmetrical in their own way. The are derived from the OBJ case in agglutination (and subsequent assimilation) with the old dative and ablative specifically (u and i). -t functions as a sort of intensifier, as seen in a comparison of -mu with -mut. -n has some sort of relation to orientation; its meaning may be lost thanks to symmetricalisation. -en is hypothesised to be a merger of reduplication with the abstractive properties of the genitive and -n- elsewhere in the language; the illative and elative thus must have arisen after the inessive and exessive.

==== Additional Cases ====

~~LOC/GEN -mien | *-ngien | -nien~~

These cases do not follow symmetry or fit in a traditional paradigm.

~~These~~ cases are more derivational than inflectional. While they can be used inflectionally, cases like the LOG/GEN -mien are lessed used in inflection where the genitive or locative would be better, and are instead used in things like adjectives and nouns more often (-mien in particular might translate to -ian or -ese).

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage

|-

| Locative-Genitive || -mien || -ngien || -nien || of a place, hailing from

|}

The additional cases are more derivational than inflectional. While they can be used inflectionally, cases like the LOG/GEN -mien are lessed used in inflection where the genitive or locative would be better, and are instead used in things like adjectives and nouns more often (-mien in particular might translate to -ian or -ese).

==== Combined Cases ====

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage

|-

| Absolutive || -V || -(i)k || -(i)t || [{{sc|nom/abs}}]

|-

| Objective || -(e)m || -(i)k(em) || -(i)t(em) || [{{sc|acc/dat/ben}}]

|-

| Genitive || -(e)n || -(i)ken || -(i)ten || [{{sc|gen/nom/ben}}]

|-

| Nominative || -(e)p || -(i)kep || -(i)tep || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]

|-

| Dialectal Nominative || -(e)pa || -(i)ppa/kka || -(i)ppa || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]

|-

| Ablative || -(e)ta || -(i)kka || -(i)tta || [{{sc|abl/par/gen/ben}}]

|-

| Locative || -mi || -ngi || -ni || at, with

|-

| Ablative || -mit || -ngit || -nit || from

|-

| Inessive || -min || -ngin || -nin || in

|-

| Illative || -minen || -nginen || -ninen || into

|-

| Instrumental || -mik || -ngik || -nik || by means of

|-

| Dative || -mu || -ngu || -nu || to, for, at

|-

| Allative || -mut || -ngut || -nut || to, towards

|-

| Exessive || -mun || -ngun || -nun || out, outside of

|-

| Elative || -munen || -ngunen || -nunen || outwards

|-

| Prosecutive || -muk || -nguk || -nuk || by way of

|-

| Locative-Genitive || -mien || -ngien || -nien || of a place, hailing from

|}

In total, there are approximately 15-17 cases (45-51 declension items), depending on who is describing the language.

==== Nominalisation of Phrases ====

An entire phrase in Kamut can be nominalised using ''-(a)no''. This has been noted as a similarity between Kamut and Japanese (-no), although others have explained it as being an ablauted emphatic form of the Genitive ending.

Thus, ''kamungunen ano'' (bear-{{sc|du-obl-ela nmz}}) = "the thing about exiting the two bears".

Alternatively, ''-(u)va'' exists, although this is used as a quotation and question marker amongst other uses. This can be clarified by prosody (questions have a change in pitch) or by context and judgement calls by the listener.

''Kamunienami va...'' = "as for that thing you said about being with the Kamut people...".

=== Verbs ===

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==== Personal Endings ====

1a -mi | -mek | -met (-mep)

{| class="wikitable"

1b -vi | -vek | -vet (-~~bep~~)

|-

1c -ku | -~~kuk~~ | -~~kut~~ (-~~kup~~) ~~[I may wanna switch this with~~ -~~ki, if~~ -~~u/-i is gonna have any significance? Or combine two and use -i/u distinction]~~

! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage

3a -ti | -tek | -tet (-tep)

|-

3b -tu | -tuk | -tut (-tup)

| First Person Strong || -mi || -mek || -met (-mep) || The traditional first person pronoun

3c -ki | -~~kek~~ | -~~ket~~ (-~~kep~~)

|-

3d -si | -~~sek~~ | -set (-sep)

| First Person Weak|| -vi || -vek || -vet (-vep) || Comparatively more inclusive

4a -ni | -nek | -net (-~~nip~~)

|-

4b -ani | -anek | -anet (-anep)

| First Person Proximal || -ki || -kek || -ket (-kep) || Refers to the self by proximity

|-

| Non-First Person Person Strong || -ti || -tek || -tet (-tep) || Refers often to the second person

|-

| Non-First Person Person Weak || -tu || -tuk || -tut (-tup) || Refers often to a third, or simply "another" person

|-

| Non-First Person Person Proximal || -ku || -kuk || -kut (-kup) || Refers to nearby second and third persons

|-

| Non-First Person Person Medial || -si || -sik || -set(-sep) || Refers to people medium distance away, such as second and third persons

|-

| Fourth Person Traditioanl || -ni || -nek || -net (-nep) || Standard indefinite pronoun

|-

| Third Person Distal || -ani || -anek || -anet (-anep) || Refers to people considerable distance away, such as third persons

|}

The pronominal endings for verbs follow a similar system to noun-cases, but the i/u distinction is instead extrapolated the sense of the speaker being the ''source'' (-i-) and the other being the ''destination'' (-u-) of the speech activity. In this sense, the grammar of Kamut breaks the fourth wall of the sentence's semantics.

There is overlap between the case system and the pronominal system as far as -mi {{sc|loc}} and {{sc|1s}} are concerned. This is normally solved by context.

== References and Notes ==

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 The arguments for an Eskimo-Aleut relationship are similar to the arguments for a Uralic relationship.
-* The Spacial cases ({{sc|loc, abl, inn, ill, ins dat, all, exe, ela, pro}}) bear strong similarities to the case systems of several Inuit languages, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Case Greenlandic] and [http://www.tusaalanga.ca/node/1111 Inuktitut]. There appear to be additional innovations, and several absences, however.
+* The Spacial cases ({{sc|loc, abl, ine, ill, ins dat, all, exe, ela, pro}}) bear strong similarities to the case systems of several Inuit languages, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Case Greenlandic] and [http://www.tusaalanga.ca/node/1111 Inuktitut]. There appear to be additional innovations, and several absences, however.
 * The numbers correlate once again to Greenlandic and [http://www.tusaalanga.ca/node/1108 Inuktitut].
@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 |}
-(There are also emphatic versions of the final -t series, using -tsi instead, which can be used when -t is too hard to hear over a bare vowel)
+''(There are also emphatic versions of the final -t series, using -tsi instead, which can be used when -t is too hard to hear over a bare vowel. The same applies for the final -k series, using -ki insted)''
 The new spacial noun cases are symmetrical in their own way. The are derived from the OBJ case in agglutination (and subsequent assimilation) with the old dative and ablative specifically (u and i). -t functions as a sort of intensifier, as seen in a comparison of -mu with -mut. -n has some sort of relation to orientation; its meaning may be lost thanks to symmetricalisation. -en is hypothesised to be a merger of reduplication with the abstractive properties of the genitive and -n- elsewhere in the language; the illative and elative thus must have arisen after the inessive and exessive.
 ==== Additional Cases ====
-LOC/GEN -mien | *-ngien | -nien
+These cases do not follow symmetry or fit in a traditional paradigm.
-These cases are more derivational than inflectional. While they can be used inflectionally, cases like the LOG/GEN -mien are lessed used in inflection where the genitive or locative would be better, and are instead used in things like adjectives and nouns more often (-mien in particular might translate to -ian or -ese).
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
+|-
+| Locative-Genitive || -mien || -ngien || -nien || of a place, hailing from
+|}
+The additional cases are more derivational than inflectional. While they can be used inflectionally, cases like the LOG/GEN -mien are lessed used in inflection where the genitive or locative would be better, and are instead used in things like adjectives and nouns more often (-mien in particular might translate to -ian or -ese).
+==== Combined Cases ====
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
+|-
+| Absolutive || -V || -(i)k || -(i)t || [{{sc|nom/abs}}]
+|-
+| Objective || -(e)m || -(i)k(em) || -(i)t(em) || [{{sc|acc/dat/ben}}]
+|-
+| Genitive || -(e)n || -(i)ken || -(i)ten || [{{sc|gen/nom/ben}}]
+|-
+| Nominative || -(e)p || -(i)kep || -(i)tep || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]
+|-
+| Dialectal Nominative || -(e)pa || -(i)ppa/kka || -(i)ppa || [{{sc|nom/erg}}]
+|-
+| Ablative || -(e)ta || -(i)kka || -(i)tta || [{{sc|abl/par/gen/ben}}]
+|-
+| Locative || -mi || -ngi || -ni || at, with
+|-
+| Ablative || -mit || -ngit || -nit || from
+|-
+| Inessive || -min || -ngin || -nin || in
+|-
+| Illative || -minen || -nginen || -ninen || into
+|-
+| Instrumental || -mik || -ngik || -nik || by means of
+|-
+| Dative || -mu || -ngu || -nu || to, for, at
+|-
+| Allative || -mut || -ngut || -nut || to, towards
+|-
+| Exessive || -mun || -ngun || -nun || out, outside of
+|-
+| Elative || -munen || -ngunen || -nunen || outwards
+|-
+| Prosecutive || -muk || -nguk || -nuk || by way of
+|-
+| Locative-Genitive || -mien || -ngien || -nien || of a place, hailing from
+|}
+In total, there are approximately 15-17 cases (45-51 declension items), depending on who is describing the language.
+==== Nominalisation of Phrases ====
+An entire phrase in Kamut can be nominalised using ''-(a)no''. This has been noted as a similarity between Kamut and Japanese (-no), although others have explained it as being an ablauted emphatic form of the Genitive ending.
+Thus, ''kamungunen ano'' (bear-{{sc|du-obl-ela nmz}}) = "the thing about exiting the two bears".
+Alternatively, ''-(u)va'' exists, although this is used as a quotation and question marker amongst other uses. This can be clarified by prosody (questions have a change in pitch) or by context and judgement calls by the listener.
+''Kamunienami va...'' = "as for that thing you said about being with the Kamut people...".
 === Verbs ===
@@ Line 100: / Line 158: @@
 ==== Personal Endings ====
-a -mi  | -mek  | -met (-mep)
+{| class="wikitable"
-b -vi  | -vek  | -vet (-bep)
+|-
-c -ku  | -kuk  | -kut (-kup) [I may wanna switch this with -ki, if -u/-i is gonna have any significance? Or combine two and use -i/u distinction]
+! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
-a -ti  | -tek  | -tet (-tep)
+|-
-b -tu  | -tuk  | -tut (-tup)
+| First Person Strong || -mi || -mek || -met (-mep) || The traditional first person pronoun
-c -ki  | -kek  | -ket (-kep)
+|-
-d -si  | -sek  | -set (-sep)
+| First Person Weak|| -vi || -vek || -vet (-vep) || Comparatively more inclusive
-a -ni  | -nek  | -net (-nip)
+|-
-b -ani | -anek | -anet (-anep)
+| First Person Proximal || -ki || -kek || -ket (-kep) || Refers to the self by proximity
+|-
+| Non-First Person Person Strong || -ti || -tek || -tet (-tep) || Refers often to the second person
+|-
+| Non-First Person Person Weak || -tu || -tuk || -tut (-tup) || Refers often to a third, or simply "another" person
+|-
+| Non-First Person Person Proximal || -ku || -kuk || -kut (-kup) || Refers to nearby second and third persons
+|-
+| Non-First Person Person Medial || -si || -sik || -set(-sep) || Refers to people medium distance away, such as second and third persons
+|-
+| Fourth Person Traditioanl || -ni || -nek || -net (-nep) || Standard indefinite pronoun
+|-
+| Third Person Distal || -ani || -anek || -anet (-anep) || Refers to people considerable distance away, such as third persons
+|}
+The pronominal endings for verbs follow a similar system to noun-cases, but the i/u distinction is instead extrapolated the sense of the speaker being the ''source'' (-i-) and the other being the ''destination'' (-u-) of the speech activity. In this sense, the grammar of Kamut breaks the fourth wall of the sentence's semantics.
+There is overlap between the case system and the pronominal system as far as -mi {{sc|loc}} and {{sc|1s}} are concerned. This is normally solved by context.
 == References and Notes ==
 <references/>