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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = *hax-xana3nījō
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
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}}
}}


'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia.
'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".


Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.
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Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).


Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are all attested as transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.


(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)
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*Vowel reduction:  
*Vowel reduction:  
**final originally unstressed long > short
**final originally unstressed long > short
* Two mythical ravens Hūgin 'he who utters' (h-g-y) and Mūnin 'he who counts' (m-n-y)? 3-y participles retain nunation, change m pl to -īn (Retconning the Old Norse Huginn and Muninn)


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/
On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Knench#Mutations|#Mutations]]).


/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}}
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to Punic and [[Judeo-Gaelic]] Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.


'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
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Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
* ''sufrī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''sufrî'' 'literary, written'
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
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* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'


Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''bû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Knench, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
# Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''.
# By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ūδ''.
# Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article ''haC-'', prepositions ''ka-'' 'and', ''li-'' 'dative', ''bi-'' 'locative/instrumental', ''miC-'' 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.


==Morphophonology==
==Morphophonology==
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The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.


Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  
Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  


Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.


The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
Example with ''sȳs'' 'horse' and ''sȳsō'' 'female horse':
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Noun declension'''
! number
!colspan=2| singular
!colspan=2| plural
|-
! gender
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sȳsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''sȳsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! def.
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sȳs'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːs/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sȳsō'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''has-sȳsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''has-sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! const.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sȳsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sȳsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! "my"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sȳsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sȳsajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsai/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ ''sȳsuδajj''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðai/
|-
! "thy" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sȳsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγa''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
|-
! "thy" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sȳsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγe''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
|-
! "his"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sȳsū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sȳsaδū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ ''sȳsû'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ ''sȳsuδû''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
|-
! "her"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsaδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ ''sȳseyô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsejaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ ''sȳsuδēyô''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
|-
! "our"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sȳsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sȳsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ ''sȳsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδēnu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
|-
! "y'all's" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sȳsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ ''sȳsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγem''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
|-
! "y'all's" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ ''sȳsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγen''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
|-
! "their" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsaδōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎  ''sȳsêm, sȳsēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ ''sȳsuδêm, sȳsuδēmu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
|-
! "their" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsaδōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ ''sȳsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδên''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
|}
TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns


====Other inflections====
====Other inflections====
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====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
====Binyan ''hivȝil'' (hifʕil)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated'
|+ ''hibdil'' 'he separated'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! preterite indep.
! preterite indep.
| ''wôbdīl''
| ''wôbdil''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdil''
| ''waθθabdīlī''
| ''waθθabdilī''
| ''wajjabdīl''
| ''wajjabdil''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdil''
| ''wannabdīl''
| ''wannabdil''
| ''waθθabdīlū''
| ''waθθabdilū''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''wajjabdīlū''
| ''wajjabdilū''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
|-
|-
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| ''hibdelθa''
| ''hibdelθa''
| ''hibdelθe''
| ''hibdelθe''
| ''hibdīl''
| ''hibdil''
| ''hibdīlō''
| ''hibdilō''
| ''hibdelnu''
| ''hibdelnu''
| ''hibdelθem''
| ''hibdelθem''
| ''hibdelθen''
| ''hibdelθen''
|colspan=2|''hibdīlū''
|colspan=2|''hibdilū''
|-
|-
! present indep.
! present indep.
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|-
|-
! present dep.
! present dep.
| ''habdīl''
| ''habdil''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdil''
| ''θabdīlī''
| ''θabdilī''
| ''jabdīl''
| ''jabdil''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdil''
| ''nabdīl''
| ''nabdil''
| ''θabdīlū''
| ''θabdilū''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''jabdīlū''
| ''jabdilū''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''θabdelna''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mabdīl''
|colspan=10| ''mabdil''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=10| ''habdīl''
|colspan=10| ''habdil''
|}
|}


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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*jūδ = direct object marker
*jūt = direct object marker
*li- = to, for, of
*li- = to, for, of
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*bi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*tum la- = like, as
*dum la- = like, as
*miC- = from
*miC- = from
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
*ȝim, hit = with (comit.)
*wēn = without
*wēn = without
*jaȝn = because of
*jaȝn = because of
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===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
*ka- = and ('like' > 'and')
*ja3n = because
*ja3n = because
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
Line 683: Line 584:
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
#ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
#ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
#more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
#more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕil hiwwasifū lat-tessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'


===Narratives===
===Narratives===
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*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīm (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
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*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħawō'' = to live
*''ħawō'' = to live
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant)
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta)


===ᴛ===
===ᴛ===
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench/Ancient"