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| | '''Qocwane''' (''Qocwanet vŷŷxxŷcê'') is the official language of Qocwane, located in our timeline's Hungary. It is inspired by Finnish, Wakashan languages, Salishan languages, and Nuosu. |
| '''Ciêng''' (''nă rhọb Chiểng'' from ''*nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh'') is a classical language of [[Verse:Méich Bhaonnáiqh]]. | |
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| Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Maltese (and Hmong?)
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| == Phonology == | | == Phonology == |
| b d g ɢ kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/;
| | === Suprasegmentals === |
| | | Qocwane prosody is almost the same as Finnish; stress always falls on the first syllable. |
| aspirated stops p t c k kħ;
| | === Consonants === |
| | | * /m n l ʋ j w/ '''m n l v j w''' |
| Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
| | * /p t ts tɬ k kʷ ʔ/ '''p t z x c cw q''' |
| | | * /f s ɬ x xʷ h/ '''f s ł ç çw h''' |
| m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/ | | /k x/ palatalize in words with ATR harmony and may uvularize in words with RTR harmony. |
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| x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/ | |
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| b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/
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| r l rh /r l (flap)/
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| hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants
| | '''mm nn ll vv jj ww pp tt zz xx cc ccw qq''' are the only allowed geminates in native words. |
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| i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; ie uo | | === Vowels === |
| | Qocwane has 8 vowel qualities, all with vowel length. |
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |
| | !rowspan=2 colspan=2| |
| | ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Front |
| | ! scope="col" colspan=2 | Non-front |
| | |- |
| | ! scope="col" | <small>unrounded</small> |
| | ! scope="col" | <small>rounded</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! scope="row" rowspan=2 | Syllabic<br />consonant |
| | ! scope="row" | <small>loose</small> |
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| | | z̩ '''ŷ''' |
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| | |- |
| | ! scope="row" | <small>tight</small> |
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| | | z̠̩ '''y''' |
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| | |- |
| | ! scope="row" | Close |
| | ! scope="row" | <small>loose</small> |
| | | i{{lowered}} '''ê''' |
| | | ə{{adv}} '''â''' |
| | | u{{lowered}} '''ô''' |
| | |- |
| | ! Open-mid |
| | ! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small> |
| | | ɛ '''e''' |
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| | | ɔ '''o''' |
| | |- |
| | ! scope="row" | Open |
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| | | ɑ '''a''' |
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| | |} |
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| Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
| | Qocwane has loose/tight vowel harmony: |
| | * loose: '''ŷ ŵ ê â ô''' |
| | * tight: '''y w e a o''' |
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| tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
| | Diphthongs: '''ea êâ oa ôâ ae âê ao âô''' |
| === Mutations ===
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| # Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
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| # L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
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| # Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr
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| == Proto-language ==
| | '''â(â)''' /ə(:)/ is realized as [œ(:)] when stressed. |
| 5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones
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| allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
| | ''oa'' is often realized as [ɔ:] |
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| Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
| | <!--The syllabic consonants y(r) u(r) are essentially the usual Sinological vowels ɿ ʮ, so ⟨y⟩ can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin 四 sì "four", but they have diverse realizations. Y(r) completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. /ɕz̩˨˩/ [ɕʑ̩˨˩] ꑮ xyp "to marry", and is [m͡l̩] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/ [m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧] ꂪꌦ hmy sy "cloth". U(r) assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. /l̥v̩ʷ˧/ [l̥l̩ʷ˧] ꆭ hlu "to stir-fry", and is [m̩ʷ] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥v̩ʷ˧/ [m̥m̩ʷ˧] ꂥ hmu "mushroom"; moreover it induces a labially trilled release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. /ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/ [ⁿdʙβ̩˨˩] ꅥ ndup "to hit". --> |
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| Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
| | == Morphophonology == |
| | Qocwane words participate in consonant gradation: |
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| Tone reflexes (' denotes stress):
| | strong -> weak |
| (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)
| | * geminates -> nongeminates |
| | * p -> f |
| | * f -> v |
| | * t -> ł |
| | * ł -> l |
| | * z -> s |
| | * s -> h |
| | * x -> ł |
| | * c -> ç |
| | * cw -> çw |
| | * ç -> j |
| | * çw -> w |
| | * q -> 0 |
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| umlaut like in OIr
| | == Grammar == |
| | | Finnic-like |
| == Morphology == | |
| === Nouns === | | === Nouns === |
| Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used as construct state forms.
| | 8 to 10 cases, normal nom-acc alignment |
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| The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
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| article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
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| ==== Possessive prefixes ====
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| sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
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| hísèmpèngàrán > ispăngăr-N 'my garment'
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| === Adjectives ===
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| Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
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| === Verbs ===
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| Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
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| PCiêng lò.mát, ráh.làmát '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:mád, ra:xảmhăd
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| productive redup
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| ==== Inflection ====
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| * so.kúmpasat(í) 'I remember', rah.sòkúmpasat(í) 'I remember not'
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| ** să·kommpṡẻ, raH·sugmbẻ
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| *** să·gumpe, ra·sủmbe
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| * so.kúmpasaŋ(u) 'thou rememberest', rah.sòkúmpasaŋ(u) 'thou rememberest not'
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| ** să·kommpṡəŋ, raH·sugmbəŋ
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| *** să·gumpăng, ra·sủmbăng
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| * so(tonally weak).kúmpasa '3sg remembers', rah(tonally weak).sòkúmpa '3sg remembers not'
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| ** să·kommpṡa, ra·sugmba
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| *** să·gumpa, ra·sủmba
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| * so.kúmpalehi 'we remember', rah.sòkúmpasalehi 'we remember not'
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| ** să·kommpṡələ̣j, raH·sugmbələ̣j
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| ** să·gumplị, ra·sủmblị
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| * so.kúmpasanuŋ 'ye remember', rah.sòkúmpasanuŋ 'ye remember not'
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| ** să·kommpṡănăng, raH·sugmbănăng
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| ** să·gumpnăng, ra·sủmnăng
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| * so.kúmpasaro 'they remember', rah.sòkúmpasaro 'they remember not'
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| ** să·kommpṡər, raH·sugmbər
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| *** să·gumpăr, ra·sủmbăr
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| A noun example:
| | TODO |
| | [weak grade]-l = nom pl |
| | [weak grade]-t = gen sg |
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| == Syntax ==
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| VOS
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| question particle să-L
| | naaqe 'human’, naaet 'human-GEN’, naael 'human-PL' |