Verse:Mwail/Qocwane: Difference between revisions

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+'''Qocwane''' (''Qocwanet vŷŷxxŷcê'') is the official language of Qocwane, located in our timeline's Hungary. It is inspired by Finnish, Wakashan languages, Salishan languages, and Nuosu.
-'''Ciêng''' (''nă rhòb Chiểng'' from ''*nàs ròpàs cècéŋàs'') is a classical language of [[Verse:Méich Bhaonnáiqh]].
-Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Maltese (and Hmong?)
 == Phonology ==
-p t c k kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/; ph th ch kh ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
+=== Suprasegmentals ===
+Qocwane prosody is almost the same as Finnish; stress always falls on the first syllable.
-m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
+=== Consonants ===
+* /m n l ʋ j w/ '''m n l v j w'''
-x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
+* /p t ts tɬ k kʷ ʔ/ '''p t z x c cw q'''
+* /f s ɬ x xʷ h/ '''f s ł ç çw h'''
+/k x/ palatalize in words with ATR harmony and may uvularize in words with RTR harmony.
-b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v pˁ tˁ ð y ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/
+'''mm nn ll vv jj ww pp tt zz xx cc ccw qq''' are the only allowed geminates in native words.
-r l /r l/
+=== Vowels ===
+Qocwane has 8 vowel qualities, all with vowel length.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
+!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
+! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Front
+! scope="col" colspan=2 | Non-front
+|-
+! scope="col" | <small>unrounded</small>
+! scope="col" | <small>rounded</small>
+|-
+! scope="row" rowspan=2 | Syllabic<br />consonant
+! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
+|
+| z̩ '''ŷ'''
+|
+|-
+! scope="row" | <small>tight</small>
+|
+| z̠̩ '''y'''
+|
+|-
+! scope="row" | Close
+! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
+| i{{lowered}} '''ê'''
+| ə{{adv}} '''â'''
+| u{{lowered}} '''ô'''
+|-
+! Open-mid
+! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small>
+| ɛ '''e'''
+|
+| ɔ '''o'''
+|-
+! scope="row" | Open
+|
+| ɑ '''a'''
+|
+|}
-i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; ie uo
+Qocwane has loose/tight vowel harmony:
+* loose: '''ŷ ŵ ê â ô'''
+* tight: '''y w e a o'''
-Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
+Diphthongs: '''ea êâ oa ôâ ae âê ao âô'''
-tones: mid high low rising nga nang
+'''â(â)''' /ə(:)/ is realized as [œ(:)] when stressed.
-=== Mutations ===
-# Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l r
-# L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> ƀ l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
-# Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m n ng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x rh
-== Proto-language ==
+''oa'' is often realized as [ɔ:]
-vowels: i e a o u, each syllable had high and low tones
-allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVs, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
+<!--The syllabic consonants y(r) u(r) are essentially the usual Sinological vowels ɿ ʮ, so ⟨y⟩ can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin 四 sì "four", but they have diverse realizations. Y(r) completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. /ɕz̩˨˩/ [ɕʑ̩˨˩] ꑮ xyp "to marry", and is [m͡l̩] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/ [m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧] ꂪꌦ hmy sy "cloth". U(r) assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. /l̥v̩ʷ˧/ [l̥l̩ʷ˧] ꆭ hlu "to stir-fry", and is [m̩ʷ] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥v̩ʷ˧/ [m̥m̩ʷ˧] ꂥ hmu "mushroom"; moreover it induces a labially trilled release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. /ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/ [ⁿdʙβ̩˨˩] ꅥ ndup "to hit". -->
-Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
+== Morphophonology ==
+Qocwane words participate in consonant gradation:
-Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
+strong -> weak
+* geminates -> nongeminates
+* p -> f
+* f -> v
+* t -> ł
+* ł -> l
+* z -> s
+* s -> h
+* x -> ł
+* c -> ç
+* cw -> çw
+* ç -> j
+* çw -> w
+* q -> 0
-== Morphology ==
+== Grammar ==
+Finnic-like
 === Nouns ===
-Nouns fall into 3 genders (not m/f/n) and have number (sg, du, pl), case (abs erg gen lat loc voc) and construct state independently. Construct state forms are unpredictable and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms.
+to 10 cases, normal nom-acc alignment
-The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
-article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
+TODO
-==== Possessive prefixes ====
+[weak grade]-l = nom pl
+[weak grade]-t = gen sg
-=== Adjectives ===
-Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
-=== Verbs ===
+naaqe 'human’, naaet 'human-GEN’, naael 'human-PL'
-Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes