Togarmite: Difference between revisions

{{Infobox language

|name = {{PAGENAME}}

|image =  

|setting = Irta

*loss of grammatical gender

*loss of the passive binyanim

*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe

*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs

* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans

* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic

*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs

*Gzarot

*Declensions

*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words

*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes

*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.

''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/

|-

! indefinite

|}

|-

! past; conditional

|-

! past imperfective; past subjunctive

|-

! present

|-

! present progressive

|-

! present subjunctive

|-

! future

|-

! perfect

|-

! imperative

|-

! active participle

|-

! passive participle

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|}

|-

! past; conditional

| ''hu/hi num''

| ''nan num''

| ''høm num''

|-

! past progressive; past subjunctive

| ''hu/hi fė wynaum''

| ''nan fu wynaum''

| ''høm fu wynaum''

|-

! present

| ''hu/hi wynaum''

| ''nan wynaum''

| ''høm wynaum''

|-

! present progressive

| ''hu/hi lu wynaum''

| ''nan lu wynaum''

| ''høm lu wynaum''

|-

! present subjunctive

| ''hu/hi numan''

| ''nan numan''

| ''høm numan''

|-

! future

| ''hu/hi bė nwėm''

| ''nan bė nwėm''

| ''høm bė nwėm''

|-

|-

! past; conditional

|-

! past progressive; past subjunctive

|-

! present

|-

! present progressive

|-

! present subjunctive

|-

! future

|-

! perfect

|-

! imperative

|-

! active participle

|-

! passive participle

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|}

|-

! past; conditional

|-

! past progressive; past subjunctive

|-

! present

|-

! present subjunctive

|-

! future

|-

! perfect

|-

! imperative

| ''-''

| ''-''

| ''-''

| ''-''

|-

! active participle

|-

! passive participle

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|}

|-

! past; conditional

|-

! past progressive; past subjunctive

|-

! present

|-

! present subjunctive

|-

! future

|-

! perfect

|-

! imperative

|-

! active participle

|-

! passive participle

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|}

|-

! past; conditional

| ''at/et ytlymeð''

| ''hu/hi tlymeð''

|-

! present

| ''at/et ytlėmeð''

| ''hu/hi tlėmeð''

|-

! present progressive

| ''at/et še wytlymeð''

| ''hu/hi še wytlymeð''

|-

! present subjunctive

| ''at/et ytlymeðan''

| ''hu/hi tlymeðan''

|-

! future

| ''at bė hytlymuð''

| ''hu bė hytlymuð''

|-

! past; conditional

| ''hu/hi etyγðel''

| ''nan etyγðel''

| ''høm etyγðel''

|-

| ''finė wetyγðel''

| ''fitøm wetyγðel''

|-

! present

| ''hu/hi še wetyγðel''

| ''nan še wetyγðel''

| ''høm šu wetyγðel''

|-

! present subjunctive

| ''hu/hi etyγðelan''

| ''nan etyγðelan''

| ''høm etyγðelan''

|-

! future

| ''hu bė hetyγðul''

| ''nan bė hetyγðul''

| ''høm bė hetyγðul''

|-

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|-

! past; conditional

| ''hu/hi stydȝem''

| ''nan stydȝem''

| ''høm stydȝem''

|-

|-

! present

| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''

| ''nan stytėȝem''

| ''høm stytėȝem''

|-

! present progressive

| ''hu/hi še wystydȝem''

| ''nan še wystydȝem''

| ''høm šu wystydȝem''

|-

! present subjunctive

| ''hu/hi stydȝeman''

| ''nan stydȝeman''

| ''jystydȝemun''

|-

! future

| ''hu bė stydȝum''

| ''nan bė stydȝum''

| ''høm bė stydȝum''

|-

|-

! past; conditional

|-

! past progressive; past subjunctive

|-

! present

|-

! present progressive

|-

! present subjunctive

|-

! future

|-

! perfect

|-

! imperative

|-

! active participle

|-

! passive participle

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|}

|-

! past; conditional

| ''hu fė''

| ''nan fu''

| ''høm fu''

|-

! past progressive; past subjunctive

| ''hu fė fė''

| ''nan fu fė''

| ''høm fu fė''

|-

! present

| ''(hu/hi)''  

| ''(nan)''

| ''(høm)''

|-

! present progressive

| ''hu/hi lu fė''

| ''nan lu fė''

| ''høm lu fė''

|-

! present subjunctive

| ''hu fijan''

| ''nan fijan''

| ''høm fijan''

|-

! future

|-

! imperative

|-

! infinitive

|}

===''kėl'' 'can'===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg

|-

! past; conditional

|-

! past subjunctive

|-

! present

|-

! present subjunctive

|-

! future

|-

! active participle

|-

! passive participle

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|}

|-

! past

| ''hu fė høbė''

| ''nan fu høbu''

| ''høm fu høbu''

|-

! present

| ''hu/hi høbė''

| ''nan høbu''

| ''høm høbu''

|}

|-

! past; conditional

| ''hu yrži''

| ''nan yržu''

| ''høm yržu''

|-

! past subjunctive

| ''hu fė wyrži''

| ''nan fu wyrži''

| ''høm fu wyrži''

|-

! present

| ''hu/hi ryžė''

| ''nan ryžu''

| ''høm ryžu''

|-

! future

|-

! w-form

|-

! infinitive

|}

|-

! past; conditional

| ''hu sør''

| ''nan sru''

| ''høm sru''

|-

! past subjunctive

| ''hu fė wasar''

| ''nan fu wasar''

| ''høm fu wasar''

|-

! present

| ''hu/hi wasar''

| ''nan wasar''

| ''høm wasar''

|-

! future

| ''hu bė sėr''

| ''nan bė sėr''

| ''høm bė sėr''

|-

=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===

* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)

* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened

* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)

** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.

Some prepositions:

*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''

*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'

*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'

*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'

*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  

===Syntax of prepositions===

===Fractional===

Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".

*3rd = šølšy

*4th = røvȝy

** ''katėv'' 'writer'

*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive

*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative

''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''

''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''

''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''

''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''