Hantza/Verbs: Difference between revisions

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! colspan="4" |Other prefixes

! colspan="1" |Stem

! colspan="2" |Suffixes

! colspan="3" |Suffixes

|-

| 1

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| 9

| 10

| 11

|-

| object

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| copula

| '''stem'''

| applicative

| evidentiality

| negative

|}

Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all ~~ten of these slots~~ to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant.

Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all eleven to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant.

An extreme example, where seven of the ~~ten~~ slots are occupied, would be the translation of the English "apparently he may not give it to you". This is provided below.

An extreme example, where seven of the eleven slots are occupied, would be the translation of the English "apparently he may not give it to you". This is provided below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 548px; text-align:center;"

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This eight syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò'').

This eight-syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò'').

==Person marking==

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In Hantza there is no verb that corresponds directly to the English "to be".

A common way of expressing the verb "to be" in Hantza is by using a particle.

A common way of expressing the verb "to be" in Hantza is by using the particle ''ifa''.

When talking being in the sense of location the irregular verb ''ABCDEFG'' is used. This may be translated variously as "to be", "to stay", "to remain", "to become" or "to get".

When talking being in the sense of location the irregular verb ''ABCDEFG'' is used. This may be translated variously as "to be", "to stay", "to remain", "to become" or "to get". Alternatively the verb for "to lie" or "to stand" may be used - as may a reflexive version of "to find".

A noun can also be turned into a verb that means "to be X" by adding a copular prefix to the root noun. The relevant prefixes marking person and mode are then added. This strategy is only used when the subject of the noun is not being modified by anything adjective-like. In such ~~case~~ the normal copular construction is used.

A noun can also be turned into a verb that means "to be X" by adding the copular prefix ''-ta-'' to the root noun. The relevant prefixes marking person and mode are then added. This strategy is only used when the subject of the noun is not being modified by anything adjective-like. In such cases the normal copular construction is used.

==Possession==

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==Polarity==

Negatives are formed by the suffix ''-mò''.

==Applicative==

Applicative suffixes are used to incorporate an oblique argument or an adjunct to a core argument of the verb. This also affects the person marking on the verb.

There are multiple applicatives in Hantza: instrumental, comitative, locative, benefactive and, less commonly, malefactive.

Applicatives are primarily used to shift the focus onto the oblique argument. This is especially common when, in narrative context, certain characters are being kept at the centre of the discourse.

==Evidentiality==

Evidentiality is marked on the verb by suffixation.

The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically

The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically:

*Witness: ''-am-'', ''-am-''

*Inferential: ''-ang-'', ''-ng-''

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Verbs of motion are often used idiomatically and in proverbs.

==Lexical-periphrastic pairs==

Some verbs, whose meanings are almost synonymous, come in pairs. One of these verbs expresses the concept with a separate lexical item, the second periphrastically. These also convey differing semantic nuances. The typical case quote is ''tzunka'' "to kill" and ''tima darki nim'' "to execute" (literally "to send to death", cf. "to put to death").

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ! colspan="4" |Other prefixes
 ! colspan="1" |Stem
-! colspan="2" |Suffixes
+! colspan="3" |Suffixes
 |-
 | 1
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 | 9
 | 10
+| 11
 |-
 | <small>object</small>
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 | <small>copula</small>
 | '''<small>stem</small>'''
+| <small>applicative</small>
 | <small>evidentiality</small>
 | <small>negative</small>
 |}
-Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all ten of these slots to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant.
+Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all eleven to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant.
-An extreme example, where seven of the ten slots are occupied, would be the translation of the English "apparently he may not give it to you". This is provided below.
+An extreme example, where seven of the eleven slots are occupied, would be the translation of the English "apparently he may not give it to you". This is provided below.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 548px; text-align:center;"
@@ Line 66: / Line 68: @@
 |}
-This eight syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò'').
+This eight-syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò'').
 ==Person marking==
@@ Line 134: / Line 136: @@
 In Hantza there is no verb that corresponds directly to the English "to be".
-A common way of expressing the verb "to be" in Hantza is by using a particle.
+A common way of expressing the verb "to be" in Hantza is by using the particle ''ifa''.
-When talking being in the sense of location the irregular verb ''ABCDEFG'' is used. This may be translated variously as "to be", "to stay", "to remain", "to become" or "to get".
+When talking being in the sense of location the irregular verb ''ABCDEFG'' is used. This may be translated variously as "to be", "to stay", "to remain", "to become" or "to get". Alternatively the verb for "to lie" or "to stand" may be used - as may a reflexive version of "to find".
-A noun can also be turned into a verb that means "to be X" by adding a copular prefix to the root noun. The relevant prefixes marking person and mode are then added. This strategy is only used when the subject of the noun is not being modified by anything adjective-like. In such case the normal copular construction is used.
+A noun can also be turned into a verb that means "to be X" by adding the copular prefix ''-ta-'' to the root noun. The relevant prefixes marking person and mode are then added. This strategy is only used when the subject of the noun is not being modified by anything adjective-like. In such cases the normal copular construction is used.
 ==Possession==
@@ Line 167: / Line 169: @@
 ==Polarity==
 Negatives are formed by the suffix ''-mò''.
+==Applicative==
+Applicative suffixes are used to incorporate an oblique argument or an adjunct to a core argument of the verb. This also affects the person marking on the verb.
+There are multiple applicatives in Hantza: instrumental, comitative, locative, benefactive and, less commonly, malefactive.
+Applicatives are primarily used to shift the focus onto the oblique argument. This is especially common when, in narrative context, certain characters are being kept at the centre of the discourse.
 ==Evidentiality==
 Evidentiality is marked on the verb by suffixation.
-The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically
+The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically:
 *Witness: ''-am-'', ''-am-''
 *Inferential: ''-ang-'', ''-ng-''
@@ Line 191: / Line 200: @@
 Verbs of motion are often used idiomatically and in proverbs.
+==Lexical-periphrastic pairs==
+Some verbs, whose meanings are almost synonymous, come in pairs. One of these verbs expresses the concept with a separate lexical item, the second periphrastically. These also convey differing semantic nuances. The typical case quote is ''tzunka'' "to kill" and ''tima darki nim'' "to execute" (literally "to send to death", cf. "to put to death").
 {{Hantza}}