Hantza/Phonology: Difference between revisions

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:''See also: [[Hantza/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]]''

==~~Consonants~~==

This article deals with the phonology and phonetics of [[Hantza]] and the statements made herein refer to the [[Hantza/Dialects#Karakum|Karakum]] dialect as this includes around 53% of native Hantza speakers. For specific traits of other dialects see [[Hantza/Dialects|Hantza dialects]]. Likewise, [[Hantza/Prosody|prosody]] is dealt with in a separate article.

==Consonant phonemes==

There are eighteen consonant phonemes in Hantza.

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In Hantza, /s/ is typically realised as the retracted [s̠] ~~and~~, for many speakers~~, it~~ is realised as [ɕ] before /i/. Similarly, /ts/ ~~may become~~ [tɕ] before ~~/i/~~.

Note that the phoneme /g/ is missing in the plosive series.

Those consonants that exhibit allophony are discussed below.

==Consonantal allophony==

===Fricatives===

In Hantza, /s/ is typically realised as the retracted [s̠]. This phonetic value is similar to that found in some northern dialects of [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]]. To English speakers it may sound like it is actually the post-alveolar fricative [ʃ]. Indeed, for many speakers /s/ is realised as [ɕ] before /i/. Similarly, for these /ts/ also becomes [tɕ] before in the same environment.

The glottal fricative /h/ is realised differently depending on the vowel that follows it. These allophones are given in the table below:

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~~The single rhotic in Hantza~~ /r/ ~~also has a great many realisations but these differ according~~ to ~~[[/Dialects|dialect]]: [ɾ ~ ɹ ~ r ~ ʀ ~ ʁ ~ χ ~ x]. It is also~~ often ~~labialised before /o, u/~~.

Note that despite /h/ being referred to as "glottal" it most often not glottal phonetically.

The ~~lateral~~ /l/ ~~is realised as~~ a ~~dark~~ [ɫ] ~~when followed by~~ /~~k, h~~/ ~~and as a clear [l] elsewhere~~.

===Liquids===

The single rhotic in Hantza /r/ also has a great many realisations [[Hantza/Dialects|cross-dialectically]]; this could be one of [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ r ~ ʀ ~ ʁ ~ χ ~ x]. The pronunciation of /r/ can also differ idiosyncratically from the dialectal norm.

==~~Vowels~~==

As with the glottal /h/, the rhotic phoneme /r/ is also often labialised before the vowels /o, u/.

Hantza's vowel inventory is a simple five-vowel system, similar to that of many modern languages, such as Greek and Swahili~~. Vowel length is not phonemic in Hantza and there are no diphthongs~~.

The lateral /l/ is realised as a dark [ɫ] when followed by /k, h/ and is a clear [l] elsewhere.

==Vowel phonemes==

Hantza's vowel inventory is a simple five-vowel system, similar to that of many modern languages, such as Greek and Swahili.

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In most dialects, ~~with~~ the ~~exception of /a/~~, vowels ~~do not undergo reduction~~ when unstressed; /a/ ~~is phonetically~~ [ä] ~~when stressed and~~ [ɐ] ~~when unstressed. The remaining four vowels /~~i~~, u, e,~~ o~~/ are usually realised as~~ [ɪ, ʉ, ɛ, ɔ].

Vowel length is not phonemic in Hantza and there are no diphthongs.

==Vocalic allophony==

In most dialects, including the Karakum, vowels are realised qualitatively different when unstressed.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"

! style="width: 66px; " |

! style="width: 66px; " |/a/

! style="width: 66px; " |/e/

! style="width: 66px; " |/i/

! style="width: 66px; " |/o/

! style="width: 66px; " |/u/

|-

! Stressed

| [ä]

| [e]

| [i]

| [o]

| [ʉ]

|-

! Unstressed

| [ɐ]

| [ɛ]

| [ɪ]

| [ɔ]

| [ʊ̈]

|}

Note that this is not the case for all dialects.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 :''See also: [[Hantza/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]]''
-==Consonants==
+This article deals with the phonology and phonetics of [[Hantza]] and the statements made herein refer to the [[Hantza/Dialects#Karakum|Karakum]] dialect as this includes around 53% of native Hantza speakers. For specific traits of other dialects see [[Hantza/Dialects|Hantza dialects]]. Likewise, [[Hantza/Prosody|prosody]] is dealt with in a separate article.
+==Consonant phonemes==
 There are eighteen consonant phonemes in Hantza.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
@@ Line 54: / Line 56: @@
 |}
-In Hantza, /s/ is typically realised as the retracted [s̠] and, for many speakers, it is realised as [ɕ] before /i/. 	Similarly, /ts/ may become [tɕ] before /i/.
+Note that the phoneme /g/ is missing in the plosive series.
+Those consonants that exhibit allophony are discussed below.
+==Consonantal allophony==
+===Fricatives===
+In Hantza, /s/ is typically realised as the retracted [s̠]. This phonetic value is similar to that found in some northern dialects of [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]]. To English speakers it may sound like it is actually the post-alveolar fricative [ʃ]. Indeed, for many speakers /s/ is realised as [ɕ] before /i/. Similarly, for these /ts/ also becomes [tɕ] before in the same environment.
 The glottal fricative /h/ is realised differently depending on the vowel that follows it. These allophones are given in the table below:
@@ Line 75: / Line 83: @@
 |}
-The single rhotic in Hantza /r/ also has a great many realisations but these differ according to [[/Dialects|dialect]]: [ɾ ~ ɹ ~ r ~ ʀ ~ ʁ ~ χ ~ x]. It is also often labialised before /o, u/.
+Note that despite /h/ being referred to as "glottal" it most often not glottal phonetically.
-The lateral /l/ is realised as a dark [ɫ] when followed by /k, h/ and as a clear [l] elsewhere.
+===Liquids===
+The single rhotic in Hantza /r/ also has a great many realisations [[Hantza/Dialects|cross-dialectically]]; this could be one of [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ r ~ ʀ ~ ʁ ~ χ ~ x]. The pronunciation of /r/ can also differ idiosyncratically from the dialectal norm.
-==Vowels==
+As with the glottal /h/, the rhotic phoneme /r/ is also often labialised before the vowels /o, u/.
-Hantza's vowel inventory is a simple five-vowel system, similar to that of many modern languages, such as Greek and Swahili. Vowel length is not phonemic in Hantza and there are no diphthongs.
+The lateral /l/ is realised as a dark [ɫ] when followed by /k, h/ and is a clear [l] elsewhere.
+==Vowel phonemes==
+Hantza's vowel inventory is a simple five-vowel system, similar to that of many modern languages, such as Greek and Swahili.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
@@ Line 99: / Line 112: @@
 |}
-In most dialects, with the exception of /a/, vowels do not undergo reduction when unstressed; /a/ is phonetically [ä] when stressed and [ɐ] when unstressed. The remaining four vowels /i, u, e, o/ are usually realised as [ɪ, ʉ, ɛ, ɔ].
+Vowel length is not phonemic in Hantza and there are no diphthongs.
+==Vocalic allophony==
+In most dialects, including the Karakum, vowels are realised qualitatively different when unstressed.
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
+! style="width: 66px; " |
+! style="width: 66px; " |/a/
+! style="width: 66px; " |/e/
+! style="width: 66px; " |/i/
+! style="width: 66px; " |/o/
+! style="width: 66px; " |/u/
+|-
+! Stressed
+| [ä]
+| [e]
+| [i]
+| [o]
+| [ʉ]
+|-
+! Unstressed
+| [ɐ]
+| [ɛ]
+| [ɪ]
+| [ɔ]
+| [ʊ̈]
+|}
+Note that this is not the case for all dialects.
+{{Hantza}}