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| The '''Lax-An''' language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary.
| | (Wuja our '''lax an''' speak, wuja our legayu an long for) |
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| | '''Lax An''', or Ancestor's Tongue, is an a posteriori language created to be part of the history of a science fiction culture by [[User:Zomborgs|Zomborgs]]. |
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| | ==History== |
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| | ====Lore==== |
| | The Lax An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary. |
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| The existence of LA was first proved in the (*** century) by (name), who observed the use of a unique, well-defined language used by the first (wave) of (Humans) while researching historical records held by (the First). Efforts have since been made to continue analysis and documentation of both the culture and the language used by this first era of (Humans) whenever possible. | | The existence of LA was first proved in the (*** century) by (name), who observed the use of a unique, well-defined language used by the first (wave) of (Humans) while researching historical records held by (the First). Efforts have since been made to continue analysis and documentation of both the culture and the language used by this first era of (Humans) whenever possible. |
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| ==Phonology== | | ====Reality==== |
| | For the sake of creating four separate-yet-connected languages and cultures that feel as realistic and natural as possible, I have decided to start with a proto-language that I can gradually evolve into four separate languages. |
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| | The theory behind Lax An is that large groups of humans were simultaneously stolen away from two separate areas of Earth over the period of several decades. The resulting peoples (the speakers of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-AFro-Asiatic languages) were then forced to combine cultures and languages due to close proximity. This new language continued without major change until the group was divided and then recombined, separately, with two new languages and cultures. |
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| ===Consonants=== | | ==Basic Grammar== |
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| | Lax An was a Subject-Object-Verb, inflected language in which words were modified using both ablaut and infixes. The language had three numbers, three persons, three genders, and eight cases with ***-*** alignment. |
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| (h1 = ç = h,ʔ) (h2 = x = ħ,ʜ,χ) (h3 = ɣ)
| | ==Phonology== |
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| B D G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z
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| b d g ç,x,ɣ j k l m n p kʷ r s t θ w ʂ ʕ ʐ
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| | ===Consonants=== |
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| {|class="wikitable" | | {|class="wikitable" |
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| | B D G H₁ H₂ H₃ J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z |
| | b d g ç x ɣ j k l m n p kʷ r s t θ w ʂ ʕ ʐ |
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| Lax An used an seven-vowel system which consisted of the short vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and long /e/, /ii/, /o/, /uu/
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center" | | {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center" |
| |+ Vowels | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2" | | | ! rowspan="2" | |
| ! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] | | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] |
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| |} | | |} |
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| ==Morphology== | | A I U E II O UU |
| | a ɪ ʊ e i o u |
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| | ===Stress and Pitch=== |
| | It is believed that Lax An had a pitch accent system in which all words had only one accented syllable which received a high pitch. Stress could fall on any syllable of a word and was thought to differ based on the length and purpose of the word in question. |
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| It is believed that PIE had a pitch accent system. All words had only one accented syllable which received a high pitch. Stress could fall on any syllable of a word.
| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| | Every syllable of Lax An required at least one vowel, with the most common syllable structures being CV, followed by CVC and V. C consisted of, at most, two consonants, while V only represented a single vowel. There did not seem to be a restriction on how many syllables a single word may consist of. |
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| | Phonotactical restrictions for Lax An remain a subject of conjecture and debate. |
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| | ==Orthography== |
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| | ==Morphology== |
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| ==Syntax== | | ===Pronouns=== |
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| Unevenness of existing records and huge gaps in the chronology among Indo-European languages make the reconstruction of PIE grammar a difficult task. Discoveries of Hittite, Tocharian and Mycenaean Greek in the 20th century have made changes in the data base on which the reconstruction of PIE is based that in turn have modified existing views of PIE. .
| | ===Nouns=== |
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| Many of the older well-documented languages, such as Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, have rich morphologies with clearly marked gender and number, as well as elaborately marked case systems for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs in these languages also have elaborately marked systems of tense, aspect, mood, and voice, in addition to person, number, and gender. Reconstructed PIE is based on the assumption that it contained all the features found in attested languages. If a given language lacks a particular feature, it is assumed that the feature was lost or that it had merged with other features.
| | ===Adjectives=== |
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| Modern Indo-European languages reflect the rich morphology of PIE to various degrees. For instance, Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Baltic, Slavic, Celtic, Armenian have extremely rich morphologies. On the other hand, Germanic, Romance, Albanian, and Tocharian do not possess quite as many finely differentiated morphological features.
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| Nouns, pronouns and adjectives
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| Case
| | ==Syntax== |
| Sanskrit had the most cases (8), followed by Old Church Slavonic, Lithuanian, and Old Armenian (7), Latin (6), Greek, Old Irish, Albanian (5), Germanic (4).
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| Gender
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| The three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) have survived in a number of Indo-European languages.
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| Number
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| The three numbers (singular, dual, plural) survived in Sanskrit, Greek, and Old Irish. Vestiges of the dual number can be found in many other Indo-European languages.
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| Adjective-Noun agreement
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| Adjective-noun agreement has survived in many Indo-European languages.
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| Verbs
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| Reconstructed PIE verbs had different sets of endings tense/aspect, voice and mood in addition to person and number. :
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| Tense and aspect
| | Less is known about the syntax of LA than about its morphology. |
| It is thought that the PIE verb system was aspect-based, although traditionally, aspect has been confused with tense. Although tense was not formally marked in PIE, most Indo-European languages define their verbal systems in terms of tense, rather than aspect. .
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| Voice
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| PIE had two voices: active (e.g., The child broke the glass) and medio-passive which combined reflexive and passive voices (e.g., The child washed himself and The child was washed by his mother). In addition to the active voice, various Indo-European languages use the middle or the passive voices.
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| Mood
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| It is hypothesized the PIE had four moods: indicative, optative, subjunctive, and imperative. Most of these moods exist in all Indo-European languages.
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| Person and number
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| PIE verbs were marked for person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, dual, plural).
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| Word order
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| Less is know about the syntax of PIE than about its morphology. What is known about PIE word order, therefore, is a subject of conjecture and debate. It is thought likely that word order in PIE sentences was Subject-Object-Verb. This word order is found in Latin, Hittite, Vedic Sanskrit, Tocharian, and to some extent in Greek. | |
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| Vocabulary
| | ===Word Order=== |
| The comparative method enables linguists to reconstruct a basic PIE vocabulary referring to many common elements of their culture. This basic vocabulary is not uniformly attested across all Indo-European languages which suggests that some words may have developed later or were borrowed from other languages. Among words that are reliably reconstructed are words for day, night, the seasons, celestial bodies (sun, moon, stars), precipitation (rain, snow), animals (sheep, horse, pig, bear, dog, wolf, eagle), kinship terms (father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter), tools (axe, yoke, arrow).
| | Popular theory holds that Subject-Object-Verb was likely used in LA, as this is the word order still found in ***, ***, and, to some extent, in ***. |
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| The grammatical systems of all modern Afro-Asiatic languages share certain features. These features are not present in all Afro-Asiatic languages.
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| word roots that consist of three consonants;
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| use of infixes, rather than prefixes and suffixes, to represent grammatical relations and form new words; | | use of infixes, rather than prefixes and suffixes, to represent grammatical relations and form new words; |
| three cases: nominative, genitive, and accusative with vestiges of the ergative case;
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| three numbers: singular, dual, and plural;
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| two genders in the singular;
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| similarities in the pronouns;
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| well-developed binary system of verbal aspects;
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| stem modifications whereby groups of related verbal stems, each with its own type of meaning, are derived from one root;
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| Verb – Subject – Object word order;
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| Vocabulary
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| The differences in the vocabulary of individual languages belonging to the Afro-Asiatic language family can be explained by internal developments after these languages have lost contact with each other,and by the influence of languages that were spoken by people who inhabited the lands that came to be occupied by speakers of Afro-Asiatic languages.
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| ==Vocabulary== | | ==Vocabulary== |
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| | 203 || bu || with || bi || with || pe || with | | | 203 || bu || with || bi || with || pe || with |
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| | 204 || kwa || and || wa || and || kʷe || and | | | 204 || qa || and || wa || and || kʷe || and |
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| | 205 || am || if || ʾim, || if || * || * | | | 205 || am || if || ʾim, || if || * || * |
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| | * || datu || daughter || si/ut || daughter || dʰugh₂tḗr || daughter | | | * || datu || daughter || si/ut || daughter || dʰugh₂tḗr || daughter |
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| | | * || legayu || settlement || gaw(V)y || settlement || leghskā || settlement |
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| | * || * || * || * || * || * || * | | | * || * || * || * || * || * || * |
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| [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Nanyse]] | | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Nanyse]] |