Valthungian/Nouns: Difference between revisions

Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[Valthungian#Phonology|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.

! colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| Strong Masculine a-stem: ''[[Contionary: slēps#Valthungian|slēps]]'' ‘sleep’

| slêp-'''oru'''

=====ba- and da-Stems=====

Stems which end in –baz or –daz in Proto-Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba-stems end in '''f''' in the nominative and accusative, and '''v''' elsewhere.

Historically, the Valthungian ba-stems also include the fa-stems, while the da-stems include the þa-stems, which have come to follow the same voicing patterns.

 

=====ga-stems=====

Masculine a–stems ending in –gaz deviate from the rest of the standards only in the nominative singular, in which *–gaz becomes Gothic and Griutungi –gs, and later –gz and finally –ǧ.

{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ga|da|daǧ|day}}

 

=====ha-stems=====

ha-stems (skōfs) nom & acc sg have f; gu elsewhere

iha-stems (slīs) it gets weird...

ma-stems (drǭms, ǣðums) - no metathesis in dative plural

mba-stems (lams) - b is dropped in nom and acc sg

na-stems (himins, lapins) - no metathesis in dative or accusative plural

nda-stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has -nǧ instead of **-nds

ra-stems (wer, bēr) - no nominative singular -s

sa-stems (drus, ams) - no nominative singular -s

za-stems (mims, gǣs) - s in nom and acc; ž elsewhere, no nominative singular -s

geminate-stems (puls, swams) single sonorant in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere

syllabic stems (bagmas, naglas) - no metathesis, -a(-) gets added where necessary

syllabic ra-stems (þundra, naðra) - syllabic, also no nominative singular -s

The ija-stems are a variation of the ja-stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[wiki: Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja-stems and ija-stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.)  

The wa-stems nouns have –w– after the stem instead of –j–, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j-stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[wiki: Holtzmann's Law|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected –g– to pop up in a few of the declensions.  

The ijō-stems are a bit weird, mainly because the nominative singular seems to have collapsed in Proto-Germanic into a single -i (more of [[wiki: Siever's Law|Siever’s]] shenanigans), leaving a modern reflex of a simple -e following an unumlauted, unpalatalised stem. Otherwise, the ijō-stems are indistinguishable from the jō-stems in modern Valthungian.

The neuter u-stem only exists in newly-borrowed Latin or Latinate words ending in –ium (e.g. '''''[[aluminio#Valthungian|aluminio]]''''' ‘aluminum’), while earlier borrowings of neuter nouns in –ium tend to be ja- or ija-stems (e.g. '''''[[ōraloge#Valthungian|ōraloge]]''''' ‘clock’, from ''[[wikt: horologium|hōrologium]]'')

{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.m.r|brōð|brœuð|brother}}

{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.m.r|þjūt|þjūt|grandson (son’s son)}}

{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.r|mōð|mœuð|mother}}

{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.n.r|swǣ|swǣ|parent-in-law}}

{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.m.r|fað|feð|father}}<!--

The r/n-stems, also known as “heteroclitic nouns” or “heteroclites,” are a small group of weak neuter nouns in which the typical -n- of the ending is replaced by -r- in some declensions. This is an old, ''old'' relic likely from Pre-Indo-European. Heteroclites were not present in Gothic. They are all somewhat irregular, but there are just three of them:

! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: žikur#Valthungian|žikur]]'' ‘liver’

|žikur

|žikuns

|žikun

|žikun

|žikuna

|žikunaro

|žikum

|žikuna

! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: fǭr#Valthungian|fǭr]]'' ‘fire’

|fǭr

|fǭn

! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: watra#Valthungian|watra]]'' ‘water’