Xeno-Cantonese: Difference between revisions

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-[[Xeno-Mandarin]] (''Putongyu'' or ''Putonglawas'') is an Altaic conlang with a "nontonal Mandarin" aesthetic, spoken in northern China and parts of Mongolia and Siberia in [[Verse:Irta]]. It's a hypothetical answer to the question "What if Mandarin were an Altaic sprachbund language?"
+Native name: jytjy
+: jœs
+: wat
+: khăh
+: fsngiz
+: plp
+: tskoj
+: zblong
+: fstaw
+: lœy
+: hsung
-==Todo==
+TODO: Revamp this:
+'''Řeuŋnie''' (lit. "of the windy region") is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, Cantonese, and Na'vi.
-Derive from existing "reconstructions" of Proto-Altaic
+Loëdeu /lɔ.ɛ.ɟœ:/ and Oeljan /u:ʎɐn/ are the two main regions of the Řeuŋnie-speaking world.
-Chinese words in this language should sound so Mandarin they're even polysyllabic, like ''taiyang'' "sun" instead of ''ri''
+==todo==
+Oebych oebych chál etjech /u:bɪx u:bɪx xa:l ɛcɛx/ 'we have a lot of mountains'
-''-zi'' is quite productive and works even with Altaic words
+===Words===
+* etj 'there is', etjech 'there are'
+* chál 'mountain'
+* 1: mál, 2: saep, 3: gej, 4: ádoš, 5: oez, 6: veunt, 7: ilem, 8: louč, 9: mutj, 10: báj
+* ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold
+* ''čeudj'' 'town'
+* oebych oebych = (ideo) plentiful
+* uistř 'self'
+* uistřft  'independence'
+* beuklopán 'fractal; microcosm'
+* beuklop 'to repeat on a smaller scale'
+* čétijn 'always'
+* {{ng}}oeáj = to approach
+* {{ng}}oeáján = (mathematics) limit
+* achop = to approximate
+* ach- = near
+* ze = and (Polish i)
+* de = and (Polish a)
+* Naë{{ng}} = [[Naeng]]
+* neu 'sea'
+* neuákoe{{ng}} 'coast'
+* {{ng}}oëft 'pathos, grieving'
+* Loëdeu /lɔ.ɛ.ɟœ:/, Oeljan /u:ʎɐn/ --- the two main regions of the Řeuŋnie-speaking world
+* {{ng}}ok 'wild goose'
-Andalusian Spanish-style vowel harmony?
+===Diachronics===
+# w is lost leading to hiatus, kw gw xw -> w
+#OSL
+#Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits
+#Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization?
+#Old Řeuŋnie ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z
+#n- > l- (unless assimilating)
-==Nouns==
+==Test==
+''Woeŋanies uistřeft melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz wodmyce bacirnje řeunie aš ŋávej tjemzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.''
-*nominative: -en / -ian
+==Phonology==
-*accusative: -Ø / -ь
+"Czech with more vowels and simpler phonotactics" or "Play up the Dutch in Czech"
-*genitive: -es / -ies (sai-siot)
+===Consonants===
-*dative: -ade / -iade
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
-*ablative: -ar / -iar
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|
-*locative: -am / -iam
+! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial
-*comitative: -emb / -iemb
+! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar
-*essive: -ao / -iao
+! colspan="2"  scope="col"|Palatal(ized)
-*translative: -aza / -iaza
+! colspan="2" scope="col"|Dorsal
+|-
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal
+| colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/
+| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/
+| colspan="2"|
+|colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
+|-
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive
+|'''p''' /pʰ/
+|'''b''' /p~b/
+|'''t''' /tʰ/
+|'''d''' /t~d/
+|
+|
+|'''k''' /kʰ/
+|'''g''' /k~g/
+|-
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative
+|'''f''' /f/
+|
+|'''s''' /s/
+|'''r''' /z/
+| ||
+|'''h''' /x~h/
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate
+| colspan="2"|
+|'''c''' /tsʰ/
+|'''z''' /ts/
+| colspan="2"|
+| colspan="2"|
+|-
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
+| colspan="2"|'''w''' /w/
+| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
+| colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/
+|
+|
+|}
+'''m n ŋ l r''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́ ĺ ŕ''' and have the same length as long vowels.
-==Lexicon==
+Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech.
+Obstruent voicing assimilation as in Slavic.
+Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination
+/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible
+In the Oeljanian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Loëdeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular.
+In the Oeljanian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Loëdeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''.
+====Notes on consonant diachronics====
+Řeuŋnie shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v'''. /p b g/ are loan phonemes.
+Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''.
+===Vowels===
+The spelling of Řeuŋnie vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Řeuŋnie.
+'''a ae/e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj ɔː yː~ʉː œː ɪː uː oʊ/
+Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ ʎ/.
+*'''je i ie ij eu''' are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing.
+**For C = '''b p v f''', '''Cje Ceu Cí''' denote /Cjɛ Cjœː Cjɛɪ/; '''mje meu mij''' denotes /mɲɛ mɲœː mɲɛɪ/.
+**For C = '''d t n l''', '''Cje Ci Cie Cij Ceu''' denote /ɟ c ɲ ʎ/ + vowel.
+*'''ó''' mostly occurs in loanwords from [[Netagin]].
+====Notes on vowel diachronics====
+Řeuŋnie has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Řeuŋnie more consonant clusters.
+Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech.
+Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Řeuŋnie u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''.
+Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are:
+*Old Řeuŋnie /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Řeuŋnie ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*renwi''.
+*Old Řeuŋnie long /joː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
+Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords.
+As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''.
+===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs===
+*hard y ~ soft i
+*hard u ~ soft i
+*hard a ~ soft ě
+*hard ei ~ soft ij
+*hard á ~ soft ie/eu
+*hard ou ~ soft eu
+*hard ui ~ soft eu
+*hard oe ~ soft ie
+*hard ú ~ soft ij
+Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn
+==Syntax==
+Lifted from Korean and Japanese; completely head-final except in poetry.
+==Poetry==
+Piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words.
+==Sample text==
+===UDHR===
+''Tkanje beušij na giečti kfa botsijné vo, oedḿŋoïl ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsijnéc. Beušij na toudžḿnil rachúbinil ze mačijdil sfášijm vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama dŕmi ŋ́ku-teuzimi wášil ecsáš goezách mienic.''
 [[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:Conlangs]]
-[[Category:Altaic languages]]