User:Juhhmi/Ljopva: Difference between revisions
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'''Ljopva''' /ɭɔⱱɐ/ is an ''a priori'' language spoken in the fantasy world Akekata. The speakers of Ljopva reside on the Twin Islands, which have been blamed by central spellcasters and major religions for allowing the practice of "evil" forms of sorcery. The language can be described as isolative-fusional, head-final, having | '''Ljopva''' or Ḷoṗa /ɭɔⱱɐ/ is an ''a priori'' language spoken in the fantasy world Akekata. The speakers of Ljopva reside on the Twin Islands, which have been blamed by central spellcasters and major religions for allowing the practice of "evil" forms of sorcery. The language can be described as isolative-fusional, head-final, topic-prominent, split-S and having a free word order with AOV being the most frequent. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Bilabial | ! Bilabial | ||
! Labio-dental | ! Labio-dental | ||
! Alveolar | ! Alveolar | ||
! Retroflex | ! Retroflex | ||
! Palatal | ! Palatal | ||
! Velar | ! Velar | ||
! Glottal | ! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 23: | Line 18: | ||
| ɱ | | ɱ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ɳ | ||
| | | ɲ | ||
| | | ŋ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| Line 37: | Line 27: | ||
| p̪ | | p̪ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ʈ | ||
| | | c | ||
| | | k | ||
| | | ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| | | f | ||
| | | | ||
| ʂ | | ʂ | ||
| | | ç ʑ | ||
| | | x | ||
| | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Approximant | ! Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |j | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Trill | ! Trill | ||
| | | ʙ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 85: | Line 58: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Flap or tap | !Flap or tap | ||
| | | | ||
| ⱱ | | ⱱ | ||
| | | | ||
| ɽ | | ɽ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 105: | Line 70: | ||
! Lateral fricative | ! Lateral fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ɬ | | ɬ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Lateral approximant | ! Lateral approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| l | | l | ||
| ɭ | | ɭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Co-articulated consonants: k͡p | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
====Monophthongs==== | ====Monophthongs==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Front | ! Front | ||
| Line 175: | Line 118: | ||
| ɔ | | ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Open | |||
|a | |||
! Open | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Sound changes=== | |||
lordlang>godlang>old spellang>spellang; old spellang loans into old ljopva>ljopva | |||
*ku>kʷ><br>kʷe>k͡ve>k͡ⱱɛ>k͡ⱱa>ⱱa<br>kʷ/V_∅>w | |||
*ka>xa | |||
*gu>gʷ>k͡p | |||
*g/V_V>k; g/V_∅>ɰ>x | |||
*b>β>w | |||
*p/∅_V>pʋ>p̪; p/V_V>pʋ>ⱱ | |||
*pr>ʙ | |||
*m>ɱ | |||
*n/_V[rounded]>ɳ | |||
*n/_V[front]>ɲ | |||
*n/_k>ŋ | |||
*ŋkʷ>ŋw>ŋ͡ʋ>ŋ͡ɱ>ɱ | |||
*s/V_∅>ç>h>:<br>s/_V[front vowel]>ɕ; s/_V[back vowel]>ʂ | |||
*sʷ>sʋ>sf><br>>f<br>sf/i_∅>s͡f (whistle) | |||
*l/_V[rounded]>ɭ | |||
*lʷ>ɭ | |||
*ls>lɬ>ɬ | |||
*li/V_>lj>j | |||
*t/V_V>ɾ<br>ɾ/_V[back]>ɽ; ɾ/_V[front]>ʔ | |||
*t/_V[rounded]>ʈ | |||
*ti>tʲi>ci | |||
*ki>ci | |||
*ci/[unstressed]>çi>ɕi<br>ɕi/V_∅>ɕ; ɕi/V_C>ʝ>j; ɕi/V_V>ʑ | |||
*ɛ>a | |||
*e>ɛ; ɛ/C[labio-dental]_>a | |||
*ʌ>ɔ | |||
*i>ɨ | |||
*ɯ>u>ɵ | |||
*u>o>ɤ | |||
==Phonotactics== | |||
Syllables require an onset, which can't be a flap or tap, | |||
==Suprasegmentals== | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
===Tone=== | |||
Only in eastern dialects: e.g. ''ti'' /cí/ vs. ''ki'' /cì/ | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Native script=== | ===Native script=== | ||
Written from right to left in zigzag rows consisting of hexagons. Logographic symbols, loaned from Spellang, form the nucleus of writing: the symbols are surrounded by a six-place template for morphemic symbols tied with the core to form expressions and clauses. | |||
===Romanization=== | ===Romanization=== | ||
==Morphophonology== | ==Morphophonology== | ||
processes when combining | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Pronoun=== | |||
===Noun=== | |||
====Class==== | |||
expressed by the first consonant | |||
*concept (laterals) | |||
*coreful, animate (fricatives) | |||
* coreless, inanimate (plosives) | |||
coreful inanimates loan words from spellang | |||
====Particles==== | |||
*agentive for agents of transitive verbs and volitional subjects of intransitive verbs | |||
* possessive | |||
===Adjective=== | |||
===Verb=== | |||
====Tense==== | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
====Mood==== | |||
potentials: physical vs. magical | |||
evidentials: visual, sensory, hearsay, foretelling (--> destiny?) | |||
relative form: "brown is-(relative), cat-(topic) there sits" (The cat, which is brown, sits there.) | |||
contrastive form: "good with-drawing I-am, bad with-sports I-am-(contrastive)" (I'm good at drawing but bad at sports.) vs. "good with-drawing I-am-(contrastive), bad pens I-have" (I'm good at drawing even though I have bad pens.") | |||
===Topic=== | |||
====Presentation==== | |||
====Referring==== | |||
once a topic has been presented, it is the one being referred to and the topic of relative clauses | |||
==Syntax== | |||
===Word order=== | |||
*PV or AV in intransitive | |||
*APV in transitive | |||
*AP<sub>1</sub>VP<sub>2</sub> or AP<sub>1</sub>P<sub>2</sub>V in ditransitive (where P<sub>1</sub> is the theme and P<sub>2</sub> is the recipient) | |||