User:Chrysophylax/Phonology: Difference between revisions

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==Evolution from Proto-Indo-European==

Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage.

==Phonology==

===Vowels===

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<!--

(This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?)

##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences ~~''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'', which change to ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-'' respectively.~~

##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences

##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-''

##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós''

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-->

#ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX

#Exceptions: ''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'' → ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-''.

====Short vowels====

#The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts.

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##EPH ''*e'' would later diphthongise into ''je'' between a resonant and a consonant.

##:''khirjéthōi'' ‘harder’ < LPH ''*χĭrjéθōi'' < EPH ''*χrétʲōi'' < IE ''*kret-yō-s''

##IE ''*i'' yields ''i''.

##IE ''*i'' yields ''i'' except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes ''e''.

##:''limpimos'' ‘we allow’ < EPH ''*linpimós'' < IE ''*linkʷm̥ós''

##:''pes'' ‘who’ < IE ''*kʷis''

##IE ''*u'' was preserved as ''u''

====Long vowels====

#The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form.

##IE ''*ā'' → ''ā''

##IE ''*ē'' → ''ē''

##IE ''*ī'' → EPH ''*ī'' → ''i''

##IE ''*ō'' → ''ō''

##IE ''*ū'' → EPH ''*u̯i'' → ''y''

====Diphthongs====

#The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified.

##IE ''*ai'' → ''ai''

##IE ''*oi'' → ''ai''

##IE ''*ei'' → ''ei''

##IE ''*au'' → ''au''

##IE ''*ou'' → ''au''

##IE ''*eu'' → ''ū~eu''

##IE ''*Vi̯'' (where V is a long vowel) → ''V''

===Sonorants===

##Both nasal ''*ṃ'' ''*ṇ'' become EPH ''*a''.

##:''áphros'' ‘storm cloud’ < EPH ''aphrós'' < PIE ''*n̥bʰrós''

##:''káton'' ‘a hundred’ < EPH ''katóm'' < PIE ''*ḱm̥tóm''

##Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes.

###''*ri'' appears before ''*s'' ''*ʃ'' ''*tʲ''

###''*ir'' appears before all other consonants.

###''*al'' appears before other sonorants.

###''*la'' before all other stops.

##Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged

###''*y'' → EPH ''*j'', EPH ''*Cʲ'' in C_V, and ''*i̯-'' → ''*dj-''

###:''drū́j'' ‘to the tree’ < EPH ''dreuej'' < ''*dr-éw-ey'' dat. sg. of ''*dóru''

###:''thōránā'' ‘season’ < EPH ''djōranā́'' < IE ''yōr-mṇ-ā̬́''

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+==Evolution from Proto-Indo-European==
+Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage.
 ==Phonology==
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 <!--
 (This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?)
-##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences ''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'', which change to ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-'' respectively.
+##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences
 ##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-''
 ##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós''
@@ Line 23: / Line 25: @@
 -->
 #ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX
+#Exceptions: ''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'' → ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-''.
 ====Short vowels====
 #The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts.
@@ Line 33: / Line 36: @@
 ##EPH ''*e'' would later diphthongise into ''je'' between a resonant and a consonant.
 ##:''khirjéthōi'' ‘harder’ < LPH ''*χĭrjéθōi''  < EPH ''*χrétʲōi'' < IE ''*kret-yō-s''
-##IE ''*i'' yields ''i''.
+##IE ''*i'' yields ''i'' except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes ''e''.
 ##:''limpimos'' ‘we allow’ < EPH ''*linpimós'' < IE ''*linkʷm̥ós''
+##:''pes'' ‘who’ < IE ''*kʷis''
 ##IE ''*u'' was preserved as ''u''
 ====Long vowels====
+#The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form.
+##IE ''*ā'' → ''ā''
+##IE ''*ē'' → ''ē''
+##IE ''*ī'' → EPH ''*ī'' → ''i''
+##IE ''*ō'' → ''ō''
+##IE ''*ū'' → EPH ''*u̯i'' → ''y''
+====Diphthongs====
+#The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified.
+##IE ''*ai'' → ''ai''
+##IE ''*oi'' → ''ai''
+##IE ''*ei'' → ''ei''
+##IE ''*au'' → ''au''
+##IE ''*ou'' → ''au''
+##IE ''*eu'' → ''ū~eu''
+##IE ''*Vi̯'' (where V is a long vowel) → ''V''
+===Sonorants===
+##Both nasal ''*ṃ'' ''*ṇ'' become EPH ''*a''.
+##:''áphros'' ‘storm cloud’ < EPH ''aphrós'' < PIE ''*n̥bʰrós''
+##:''káton'' ‘a hundred’ < EPH ''katóm'' < PIE ''*ḱm̥tóm''
+##Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes.
+###''*ri'' appears before ''*s'' ''*ʃ'' ''*tʲ''
+###''*ir'' appears before all other consonants.
+###''*al'' appears before other sonorants.
+###''*la'' before all other stops.
+##Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged
+###''*y'' → EPH ''*j'', EPH ''*Cʲ'' in C_V, and ''*i̯-'' → ''*dj-''
+###:''drū́j'' ‘to the tree’ < EPH ''dreuej'' < ''*dr-éw-ey'' dat. sg. of ''*dóru''
+###:''thōránā'' ‘season’ < EPH ''djōranā́'' < IE ''yōr-mṇ-ā̬́''