User:Chrysophylax/Phonology: Difference between revisions
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==Evolution from Proto-Indo-European== | |||
Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
====Vocalisation of laryngeals==== | ====Vocalisation of laryngeals==== | ||
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#Similar to the geographically close Greek, the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals are reflected as three different vowels. | #Similar to the geographically close Greek, the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals are reflected as three different vowels. | ||
##Before a consonant and between consonants the laryngeals are vocalised /e/, /a/, /o/, ← ''*h₁, *h₂, *h₃''. | |||
##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will colour a nearby ''*e'' (1,2,3 → e,a,o) and lengthen it except for the sequence ''-VHR-'' which becomes ''-VRR-''. | ##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will colour a nearby ''*e'' (1,2,3 → e,a,o) and lengthen it except for the sequence ''-VHR-'' which becomes ''-VRR-''. | ||
##:''phrā́tēr'' ‘brother’ < EPH ''bʰrā́tēr'' < PIE ''*bʰréh₂tēr'' | ##:''phrā́tēr'' ‘brother’ < EPH ''bʰrā́tēr'' < PIE ''*bʰréh₂tēr'' | ||
##:''ōphes'' ‘serpent’ < EPH ''*ōpʰis'' < PIE ''*h₃egʰʷis'' | ##:''ōphes'' ‘serpent’ < EPH ''*ōpʰis'' < PIE ''*h₃egʰʷis'' | ||
##:''thémmi'' ‘I say’ < IE ''*ḱéh₁mi'' | ##:''thémmi'' ‘I say’ < IE ''*ḱéh₁mi'' | ||
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(This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?) | (This needs through-thinking when less tired. Why would we let *H -> vowel after a vowel? Isn't it easier to just > ø and lengthen vowel to compensate?) | ||
##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences | ##A PIE laryngeal ''*H'' will be vocalised (1,2,3 → e,a,o) before a consonant except for the sequences | ||
##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-'' | ##:''énen'' ‘name’ < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-'' | ||
##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós'' | ##:''biphos'' ‘alive’ < EPH ''*gʷigwós'' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wós'' | ||
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##IE ''*h₃'' becomes ''o'' between vowels; before a consonant ''o'' unless preceded by a resonant whereupon ''ō'' | ##IE ''*h₃'' becomes ''o'' between vowels; before a consonant ''o'' unless preceded by a resonant whereupon ''ō'' | ||
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#ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX | |||
#Exceptions: ''-h₃w-'', ''-gH-'' → ''-gw-'', ''-gʰ-''. | |||
====Short vowels==== | ====Short vowels==== | ||
#The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts. | #The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE ''*o'' to u and a diphthongisation of IE ''*e'' in some phonological contexts. | ||
##IE ''*a'' was preserved as ''a'' | ##IE ''*a'' was preserved as ''a'' | ||
##IE ''*o'' was preserved as ''o'' except | ##IE ''*o'' was preserved as ''o'' except R_Cʷ where it was raised to ''u''. | ||
##:''bori'' ‘hill’ < IE ''*gʷor̥'' | ##:''bori'' ‘hill’ < IE ''*gʷor̥'' | ||
##:''nyps'' ‘night’ < EPH ''*núpts'' < IE ''*nókʷts'' | ##:''nyps'' ‘night’ < EPH ''*núpts'' < IE ''*nókʷts'' | ||
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##EPH ''*e'' would later diphthongise into ''je'' between a resonant and a consonant. | ##EPH ''*e'' would later diphthongise into ''je'' between a resonant and a consonant. | ||
##:''khirjéthōi'' ‘harder’ < LPH ''*χĭrjéθōi'' < EPH ''*χrétʲōi'' < IE ''*kret-yō-s'' | ##:''khirjéthōi'' ‘harder’ < LPH ''*χĭrjéθōi'' < EPH ''*χrétʲōi'' < IE ''*kret-yō-s'' | ||
##IE ''*i'' yields ''i''. | ##IE ''*i'' yields ''i'' except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes ''e''. | ||
##:''limpimos'' ‘we allow’ < EPH ''*linpimós'' < IE ''*linkʷm̥ós'' | ##:''limpimos'' ‘we allow’ < EPH ''*linpimós'' < IE ''*linkʷm̥ós'' | ||
##:''pes'' ‘who’ < IE ''*kʷis'' | |||
##IE ''*u'' was preserved as ''u'' | ##IE ''*u'' was preserved as ''u'' | ||
====Long vowels==== | ====Long vowels==== | ||
#The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form. | |||
##IE ''*ā'' → ''ā'' | |||
##IE ''*ē'' → ''ē'' | |||
##IE ''*ī'' → EPH ''*ī'' → ''i'' | |||
##IE ''*ō'' → ''ō'' | |||
##IE ''*ū'' → EPH ''*u̯i'' → ''y'' | |||
====Diphthongs==== | |||
#The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified. | |||
##IE ''*ai'' → ''ai'' | |||
##IE ''*oi'' → ''ai'' | |||
##IE ''*ei'' → ''ei'' | |||
##IE ''*au'' → ''au'' | |||
##IE ''*ou'' → ''au'' | |||
##IE ''*eu'' → ''ū~eu'' | |||
##IE ''*Vi̯'' (where V is a long vowel) → ''V'' | |||
===Sonorants=== | |||
##Both nasal ''*ṃ'' ''*ṇ'' become EPH ''*a''. | |||
##:''áphros'' ‘storm cloud’ < EPH ''aphrós'' < PIE ''*n̥bʰrós'' | |||
##:''káton'' ‘a hundred’ < EPH ''katóm'' < PIE ''*ḱm̥tóm'' | |||
##Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes. | |||
###''*ri'' appears before ''*s'' ''*ʃ'' ''*tʲ'' | |||
###''*ir'' appears before all other consonants. | |||
###''*al'' appears before other sonorants. | |||
###''*la'' before all other stops. | |||
##Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged | |||
###''*y'' → EPH ''*j'', EPH ''*Cʲ'' in C_V, and ''*i̯-'' → ''*dj-'' | |||
###:''drū́j'' ‘to the tree’ < EPH ''dreuej'' < ''*dr-éw-ey'' dat. sg. of ''*dóru'' | |||
###:''thōránā'' ‘season’ < EPH ''djōranā́'' < IE ''yōr-mṇ-ā̬́'' | |||