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Avalonian: Difference between revisions

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2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.
2) External sandhi only occurs between words within the same clause.


3) Essentially, any juncture between adjacent words involving word-final consonants or vowels or word-initial consonants or vowels are treated as if it was a consonant or vowel cluster within a word.
3) Between a word-final consonant and a word-initial consonant, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted.
 
4) Between a word-final vowel and a word-initial vowel, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====


1) Pronominal demonstratives are identical to the 3rd, 4th and 5th person pronouns.
1) Pronominal demonstratives are formed by adding the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate pronoun.


2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffixes, believed derived from compounds of the 3rd, 4th, 5th person pronouns and the sole Old Avalonian demonstrative ken.
2) Adnominal demonstratives are suffices.


3) Adnominal demonstrative suffixes are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.
3) Adnominal demonstrative suffices are rarely used with core arguments except for emphasis.


4) The demonstratives are displayed in the table below:
4) The adnominal demonstrative suffices are displayed in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Person'''||'''Demonstrative Suffix
|'''Distance'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Locus Of Application'''||'''Adnominal Demonstrative Suffix
|-
|-
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker||3rd|| -tken
| Proximal|| PROX||Near speaker|| -in
|-
|-
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||4th||-pken
|Medial||MED||Near hearer||-uk
|-
|-
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||5th||-lken
|Distal||DIST||Away from speaker and hearer||-at
|}
|}


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6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number.
6) When an interrogative pronoun is used with a verb, the appropriate pronominal marker takes plural number.
=====Relative Pronouns=====
Avalonian lacks relative pronouns and employs gap relativisation.


=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
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There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
There is one universal pronoun: kal 'everybody, everything'. When placed before a noun in it indicates the concept of 'all' or 'each'. When used with a verb that verb uses plural agreement.
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian has no true adjectives.
2) There are three types of adjective-equivalents:
a) A closed set of adjectival suffixes attached to the noun.
b) A noun taking the equative case following the referent.
c) Relativised verbs following the noun.


====Possessive Constructions====
====Possessive Constructions====
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====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====
====General Remarks On Verbal Morphology====


1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect, valency and mood.
1) Verbs express actions, processes or states of being. Verbs are inflected for A, S, and O arguments, aspect and mood.


2) Maximal verbal structure:
2) Maximal verbal structure:
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NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.
NB: Parenthesised forms are word-final allomorphs employed after a short vowel.


====Voice====
====Topicalisation====
 
1) Transitive verbs in Avalonian have three voices:
 
a) Active
 
b) Antipassive


c) Passive
1) Avalonian lacks true grammatical voice although it does have a system of topicalisation in lieu.


2) These are indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:
2) In transitive verbs, topicalisation is indicated by the presence or absence of verbal pronominal suffices as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|'''Voice'''||'''Abbreviation'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Promoted Argument'''||'''Case Of Demoted Argument'''||'''Function'''
|'''Prominent Topic'''||'''Ergative Suffix?'''||'''Absolutive Suffix?'''||'''Case Of Topic Argument'''
|-
|-
|Active||ACT||Yes||Yes||N/A||N/A||No topicalisation of either argument
|None||Yes||Yes||ERG or ABS
|-
|-
|Antipassive||ANTIP||Yes||No||ERG||DAT||Topicalisation of A argument
|A argument||Yes||No||DAT
|-
|-
|Passive||PAS||No||Yes||ABS||INST||Topicalisation of O argument
|O argument||No||Yes||INST
|}
|}


3) Intransitive verbs do not indicate voice as their S argument is the only topic of the sentence.
4) Topicalised A or O arguments are fronted to before the verb.
 
5) The S arguments of intransitive verbs never mark topic as they are either the topic or an X argument is elevated to topic.
 
6) Topicalised X argument phrases are fronted to before the verb.
 
7) Relativised verbs may not have topicalised arguments.


====Mood and Modality====
====Mood and Modality====
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====The Gerund====
====The Gerund====


1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is adde in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes
1) The gerund uses the suffix -ken which is added in lieu of pronominal ergative or absolutive suffixes


2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
2) It transforms the verb into a noun which can be used much as any noun can.
====Participles====
Avalonian lacks participles and uses a relativised verb.


====Adverbs====
====Adverbs====
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===Other Parts Of Speech===
===Other Parts Of Speech===
====Adjectives====
1) Avalonian lacks true adjectives.
2) Forms conveying advectival functions occur in three classes:
a) A closed class of nominal suffixes with adjectival meanings.
b) A noun taking the equative case and following the referent.
c) A relativised verb.
====Adpositions====
====Adpositions====
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.
1) Avalonian lacks true adpositions.
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
1) The canonical word order of Avalonian is VSOX. This is detailed as follows:
verb phrase + agent phrase or subject phrase + object phrase + oblique phrase
2) Topicalisation or wh-fronting may front one of the agent , the subject, the object or the oblique phrases to before the verb.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Line 1,035: Line 1,044:
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|'''English'''||'''Avalonian'''
|-
|-
|amber ||warhu
|amber ||verhu
|-
|-
|apple||hakar
|apple||hakar
|-
|-
|automobile ||harpat
|automobile ||karpat
|-
|-
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
|Avalonian Isles ||Telku
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|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|Avalonian Penny ||tenar
|-
|-
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||līrhu
|Avalonian Pound (currency)||lirhu
|-
|-
|Avalonians ||kammir
|Avalonians ||kammir
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|finger-ring||nakha
|finger-ring||nakha
|-
|-
|fire ||ghārhu
|fire, flames ||qhārhu
|-
|-
|flower ||vetta
|flower ||lvetta
|-
|-
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
|foot (anatomy)||īhak
Line 1,308: Line 1,317:
|-
|-
|road||vige
|road||vige
|-
|rock||karra
|-
|-
|room||kanra
|room||kanra
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|-
|-
|kill||utpa
|kill||utpa
|-
|know||iktē
|-
|-
|laugh||lalha
|laugh||lalha
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