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| Nithish (''niδiske ṛstine'', from the word ''niδya'' "one's own") is an Indo-European language in the Nithic branch, a satem branch in a clade with [[Azalic]]. It's spoken in a parallel-Earth Ukraine, Belarus, and Korea, and is influenced by Uralic languages. It's also spoken in the island of Nōye Ceme (Isle of Man in our timeline), and substantial Nithish-speaking communities exist in parts of Russia, Alaska and Tibet. More recently it has absorbed words and calques from various Mediterranean languages.
| | [[Riphean/Lexicon]] |
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| Modern Nithish is notable for mostly preserving PIE's syllabic approximants, ḷ and ṛ. However, Nithish consonants display various innovations including Grimm's law taken a step further (as in Dutch in our timeline).
| | '''Riphean''' (''rivška'') is an Indo-European language of [[Verse:Tdūrzů|Tdūrzů]], spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic. |
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| ==Todo== | | == TODO == |
| | Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle? |
| | === UDHR === |
| | ''Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.'' |
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| ''Kīwaiđaza kala in utnė vlōye'' - The living fish swims in water.
| | /ˈʋɪ{{ž}}ɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/ |
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| ''lauzme'' - world, from *lewk-mn; stem ''lauzmen-''
| | (im ~ Latin ambō) |
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| ''vrirasti'' - nature | | hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė |
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| ''zaurasti'' - nurture
| | == Phonology == |
| | Riphean has consistent initial stress. |
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| ''-wite'' - science
| | Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech |
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| *''vamēzwite'', ''xīmye'' - chemistry
| | Voiceless stops are not aspirated |
| **''vamēzwitina panta'' - chemical bond
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| *''sternawite'' - astronomy
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| *''wistōrye'' - history (later coinage)
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| ''nepalaste'' - anesthesia
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| *''nepalastwite'' - anesthesiology
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| ''trōkzaiđaste'' - synesthesia
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| ''zaiđna'' - sensory
| | w and v as in Dutch |
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| ''trōkna'' - concomitant, ''trōken'' - together
| | c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally |
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| ''yēre, lėđe, azanye, cīme'' - seasons
| | h devoices to [x] |
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| ''azaniđi'' - to harvest, to earn (semantics influenced by the English cognate) | | ''đ'' = [ð], devoices to [θ] |
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| ''lėđe'' - (poetic) year | | Stressed ''a e i o u'' = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u] |
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| ''weđa'' - year | | ''á é í ó ů'' = [a{{long}} e{{lowered}}{{long}} i{{long}} o{{lowered}}{{long}} u{{long}}] |
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| ''ōster'' - morning | | ''ej ui ou'' = [ɛj œɥ ɔw] |
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| ''uđrni'' - noon | | ''l'' is velarized, ''r'' is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: ''wlch'' 'wolf', ''crn'' 'grain'. |
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| ''sletuđrni'' - afternoon
| | Auslautverhärtung |
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| ''wespra'' - evening
| | Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese) |
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| ''naiđ'' - night | | == Morphology == |
| | === Nouns and adjectives === |
| | ==== Masculine animate ==== |
| | The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. ''a'' in Spanish). |
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| ''skīye'' - shadow
| | manč "man" |
| | * nom. manč, manči |
| | * gen. mančez, manču |
| | * dat. manče, mančem |
| | * acc. manče, mančuz |
| | * ins. manču, mančiz |
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| ''skēwiđi'' - to walk | | ==== Masculine inanimate ==== |
| | Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: ''tam, tama'' |
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| ''wart'' - plant | | ''tam'' "house" |
| | * nom. tam, tami |
| | * gen. tamez, tamu |
| | * dat. tame, tamem |
| | * acc. tam, tamuz |
| | * ins. tamu, tamiz |
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| ''cweri'' - animal
| | ==== Feminine -a ==== |
| | kena "woman" |
| | * nom. kena, kenaz |
| | * gen. kenaz, kenu |
| | * dat. kene, kenam |
| | * acc. kenou, kenouz |
| | * ins. kenam, kenami |
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| ''sēne'' - fungus
| | ==== Other feminine ==== |
| | váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs." |
| | * nom. váni, vániz |
| | * gen. vániz, váňu |
| | * dat. váni, vánim |
| | * acc. váni, vániz |
| | * ins. vánim, vánimi |
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| ''vratānik'' - prokaryote
| | nacht "night" |
| | * nom. nacht, nachtiz |
| | * gen. nachtiz, nachťu |
| | * dat. nachti, nachtim |
| | * acc. nachti, nachtiz |
| | * ins. nachtim, nachtmi |
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| ''zōtānik'' - eukaryote
| | ==== Neuter ==== |
| | céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind) |
| | * nom. céđ, céđa |
| | * gen. céđez, céđu |
| | * dat. céđe, céđem |
| | * acc. céđ, céđa |
| | * ins. céđu, céđiz |
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| ==Numbers== | | ==== Adjectives ==== |
| aina, twā, δriye, xeδure, vaixe, zes, zevu, astu, nȯ, teγu
| | Indefinite and definite declensions |
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| ==Grammar== | | === Verbs === |
| Nithish has three noun genders, termed animate, inanimate and collective by native grammarians. These correspond to masculine, neuter and feminine genders in other Indo-European languages. The correlation between grammatical gender and biological gender is much less in Nithish than in other IE languages, due to the influence of Uralic languages.
| | etež "to eat" |
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| As in Latin and Greek, Nithish has various declension paradigms for nouns. Some common ones are:
| | ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ |
| *first declension nouns - inanimate suffixless, animate ''-a'', collective ''-e''
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| *second declension nouns - ''-i'', independent of gender
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| *third declension nouns - ''-u'', independent of gender
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| Gender has been almost completely regularized in Nithish, again due to Uralic influence -- it is correlated with morphology, so all nouns ending in ''-e'' are collective, even nouns like ''aste'' (bone), which derives from the Old Nithish neuter noun ''haste''. Most notably, Nithish pronouns do not inflect for gender, as in Armenian and Persian, but adjectives do; adjective genders follow lexical animacy when the noun is second or third declension and they follow nominal morphology for first declension nouns. There is also a distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives, with predicative adjectives never taking suffixes:
| | (Polite pronoun?) |
| * En sive atvėziδe. "It is a good document".
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| * Ene atvėziδe siv. "That document is good".
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| An example animate noun: kala "fish"
| | negative ne |
| *Nominative: kala, kalė
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| *Accusative: kalu, kalė/kalō
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| *Genitive: kalas, kalō
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| *Dative: kalė, kalām
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| *Instrumental: kalam, kalėm
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| An example collective noun: pluze "flea"
| | ==== ''buiž'' 'to be' ==== |
| *Nominative: pluze, pluzė
| | ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ |
| *Accusative: pluzai, pluzė/pluzō
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| *Genitive: pluzes, pluzō
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| *Dative: pluzēvi, pluzēm
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| *Instrumental: pluzai, pluzėm
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| A neuter noun: tėđ "child"
| | Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ |
| *Nominative: tėđ, tėđe
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| *Accusative: tėđ, tėđe/tėđō
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| *Genitive: tėđas, tėđō
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| *Dative: tėđė, tėđām
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| *Instrumental: tėđam, tėđėm
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| ===Adjectives=== | | ==== Reflexive verbs ==== |
| While Nithish doesn't have definite articles, Nithish adjectives inflect for definiteness. There are generally two forms for adjectives, the indefinite form and the definite form formed by postposing a clitic -za, -ze or -δa. The rules are as follows:
| | ouchiž ze "to learn" |
| *-za after animate singular nominative nouns
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| *-ze after collective singular nominative and accusative nouns
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| *-δa elsewhere
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| ===Verbs===
| | ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze |
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| Verbs in Nithish do not inflect for aspect but there are lexical aspects, formed from prefixes (analogous to phrasal verbs in English), root extensions and sometimes suppletion. There are three tenses in Nithish: nonpast, direct past and inferential past, the latter deriving from an Old Nithish pluperfect tense.
| | === Numerals === |
| | ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou |
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| ==Syntax==
| | ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi |
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| Syntax in Nithish is quite free. | | đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos) |
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| | đouzuđ |
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| | ejn "1" declines as follows: |
| | * nom. ejn, ejna, ejn |
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| | tů "2" declines as follows: |
| | * nom. tů, twí, twej |
| | * gen. tweju |
| | * dat. twím |
| | * acc. tů, twí, twej |
| | * ins. twími |
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| | đrí "3" declines as follows: |
| | * nom. đrí |
| | * gen. đríu |
| | * dat. đrím |
| | * acc. đrí |
| | * ins. đrími |
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| | == Syntax == |
| | German-like? |
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| | == Swadesh list == |
| | <poem> |
| | I: ec |
| | thou: ji |
| | he/she/it: ež/já/it |
| | we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there") |
| | ye: jíľud |
| | they: í/jáz/đá |
| | this: siđe |
| | that: đađe |
| | here: sím |
| | there: đám |
| | </poem> |
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| | == Texts == |
| | === Schleicher's fable === |
| | Ra oucha um ri dzrki |
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| | Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz |