Riphean: Difference between revisions

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-Nithish (''niδiske ṛstine'', from the word ''niδya'' "one's own") is an Indo-European language in the Nithic branch, a satem branch in a clade with [[Azalic]]. It's spoken in Nithland (''Niδyacema''), a parallel-Earth Ukraine and Belarus, and is influenced by Uralic languages. More recently it has absorbed words and calques from various Mediterranean languages.
+[[Riphean/Lexicon]]
-Modern Nithish is notable for mostly preserving PIE's syllabic approximants, ḷ and ṛ. However, Nithish consonants display various innovations including Grimm's law taken a step further (as in Dutch in our timeline).
+'''Riphean''' (''rivška'') is an Indo-European language of [[Verse:Tdūrzů|Tdūrzů]], spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic.
-==Todo==
+== TODO ==
+Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle?
+=== UDHR ===
+''Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.''
-''Kīwaiđaza kala in utnė vlōye'' - The living fish swims in water.
+/ˈʋɪ{{ž}}ɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/
-''lauzme'' - world, from *lewk-mn; stem ''lauzmen-''
+(im ~ Latin ambō)
-''vrirasti'' - nature
+hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė
-''zaurasti'' - nurture
+== Phonology ==
+Riphean has consistent initial stress.
-''-wite'' - science
+Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech
-*''vamēzwite'', ''xīmye'' - chemistry
+Voiceless stops are not aspirated
-*''sternawite'' - astronomy
-*''wistōrye'' - history (later coinage)
-''nepalaste'' - anesthesia
-*''nepalastwite'' - anesthesiology
-''trōkzaiđaste'' - synesthesia
-''zaiđna'' - sensory
+w and v as in Dutch
-''trōkna'' - concomitant, ''trōken'' - together
+c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally
-''yēre, lėđe, azanye, cīme'' - seasons
+h devoices to [x]
-''azaniđi'' - to harvest, to earn (semantics influenced by the English cognate)
+''đ'' = [ð], devoices to [θ]
-''lėđe'' - (poetic) year
+Stressed ''a e i o u'' = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u]
-''weđa'' - year
+''á é í ó ů'' = [a{{long}} e{{lowered}}{{long}} i{{long}} o{{lowered}}{{long}} u{{long}}]
-''ōster'' - morning
+''ej ui ou'' = [ɛj œɥ ɔw]
-''uđrni'' - noon
+''l'' is velarized, ''r'' is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: ''wlch'' 'wolf', ''crn'' 'grain'.
-''sletuđrni'' - afternoon
+Auslautverhärtung
-''wespra'' - evening
+Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese)
-''naiđ'' - night
+== Morphology ==
+=== Nouns and adjectives ===
+==== Masculine animate ====
+The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. ''a'' in Spanish).
-==Numbers==
+manč "man"
-aina, twā, δriye, γeδure, vaiγe, zes, zevu, astu, nȯ, teγu
+* nom. manč, manči
+* gen. mančez, manču
+* dat. manče, mančem
+* acc. manče, mančuz
+* ins. manču, mančiz
-==Grammar==
+==== Masculine inanimate ====
-Nithish has three noun genders, termed animate, inanimate and collective by native grammarians. These correspond to masculine, neuter and feminine genders in other Indo-European languages. The correlation between grammatical gender and biological gender is much less in Nithish than in other IE languages, due to the influence of Uralic languages.
+Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: ''tam, tama''
-As in Latin and Greek, Nithish has various declension paradigms for nouns. Some common ones are:
+''tam'' "house"
-*first declension nouns - inanimate suffixless, animate ''-a'', collective ''-e''
+* nom. tam, tami
-*second declension nouns - ''-i'', independent of gender
+* gen. tamez, tamu
-*third declension nouns - ''-u'', independent of gender
+* dat. tame, tamem
+* acc. tam, tamuz
+* ins. tamu, tamiz
-Gender has been almost completely regularized in Nithish, again due to Uralic influence -- it is correlated with morphology, so all nouns ending in ''-e'' are collective, even nouns like ''aste'' (bone), which derives from the Old Nithish neuter noun ''haste''. Most notably, Nithish pronouns do not inflect for gender, as in Armenian and Persian, but adjectives do; adjective genders follow lexical animacy when the noun is second or third declension and they follow nominal morphology for first declension nouns. There is also a distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives, with predicative adjectives never taking suffixes:
+==== Feminine -a ====
-* En sive atvėziδe. "It is a good document".
+kena "woman"
-* Ene atvėziδe siv. "That document is good".
+* nom. kena, kenaz
+* gen. kenaz, kenu
+* dat. kene, kenam
+* acc. kenou, kenouz
+* ins. kenam, kenami
-An example animate noun: kala "fish"
+==== Other feminine ====
-*Nominative: kala, kalė
+váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs."
-*Accusative: kalu, kalė/kalō
+* nom. váni, vániz
-*Genitive: kalas, kalō
+* gen. vániz, váňu
-*Dative: kalė, kalām
+* dat. váni, vánim
-*Instrumental: kalam, kalėm
+* acc. váni, vániz
+* ins. vánim, vánimi
-An example collective noun: pluze "flea"
+nacht "night"
-*Nominative: pluze, pluzė
+* nom. nacht, nachtiz
-*Accusative: pluzai, pluzė/pluzō
+* gen. nachtiz, nachťu
-*Genitive: pluzes, pluzō
+* dat. nachti, nachtim
-*Dative: pluzēvi, pluzēm
+* acc. nachti, nachtiz
-*Instrumental: pluzai, pluzėm
+* ins. nachtim, nachtmi
-A neuter noun: tėđ "child"
+==== Neuter ====
-*Nominative: tėđ, tėđe
+céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind)
-*Accusative: tėđ, tėđe/tėđō
+* nom. céđ, céđa
-*Genitive: tėđas, tėđō
+* gen. céđez, céđu
-*Dative: tėđė, tėđām
+* dat. céđe, céđem
-*Instrumental: tėđam, tėđėm
+* acc. céđ, céđa
+* ins. céđu, céđiz
-===Adjectives===
+==== Adjectives ====
-While Nithish doesn't have definite articles, Nithish adjectives inflect for definiteness. There are generally two forms for adjectives, the indefinite form and the definite form formed by postposing a clitic -za, -ze or -δa. The rules are as follows:
+Indefinite and definite declensions
-*-za after animate singular nominative nouns
-*-ze after collective singular nominative and accusative nouns
-*-δa elsewhere
-===Verbs===
+=== Verbs ===
+etež "to eat"
-Verbs in Nithish do not inflect for aspect but there are lexical aspects, formed from prefixes (analogous to phrasal verbs in English), root extensions and sometimes suppletion. There are three tenses in Nithish: nonpast, direct past and inferential past, the latter deriving from an Old Nithish pluperfect tense.
+ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ
-==Syntax==
+(Polite pronoun?)
-Syntax in Nithish is quite free.
+negative ne
+==== ''buiž'' 'to be' ====
+ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ
+Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ
+==== Reflexive verbs ====
+ouchiž ze "to learn"
+ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze
+=== Numerals ===
+ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou
+ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi
+đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos)
+đouzuđ
+ejn "1" declines as follows:
+* nom. ejn, ejna, ejn
+tů "2" declines as follows:
+* nom. tů, twí, twej
+* gen. tweju
+* dat. twím
+* acc. tů, twí, twej
+* ins. twími
+đrí "3" declines as follows:
+* nom. đrí
+* gen. đríu
+* dat. đrím
+* acc. đrí
+* ins. đrími
+== Syntax ==
+German-like?
+== Swadesh list ==
+<poem>
+I: ec
+thou: ji
+he/she/it: ež/já/it
+we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there")
+ye: jíľud
+they: í/jáz/đá
+this: siđe
+that: đađe
+here: sím
+there: đám
+</poem>
+== Texts ==
+=== Schleicher's fable ===
+Ra oucha um ri dzrki
+Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz