Riphean: Difference between revisions

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-Nithish (''niδiske ṛstine'', from the word ''niδya'' "one's own") is an Indo-European language in the Nithic branch, a satem branch in a clade with [[Azalic]]. It's spoken in Nithland (''Niδyaskema''), a parallel-Earth Ukraine and Belarus.
+[[Riphean/Lexicon]]
-Modern Nithish is notable for mostly preserving PIE's syllabic resonants. However, Nithish consonants display various innovations including Grimm's law taken a step further (as in Dutch in our timeline).
+'''Riphean''' (''rivška'') is an Indo-European language of [[Verse:Tdūrzů|Tdūrzů]], spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic.
-==Numbers==
+== TODO ==
-aina, twā, δriye, γeδure, vaiγe, zes, zevu, astu, nȯ, teγu
+Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle?
+=== UDHR ===
+''Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.''
-==Grammar==
+/ˈʋɪ{{ž}}ɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/
-Nithish has three noun genders, termed animate, inanimate and collective by native grammarians. These correspond to masculine, neuter and feminine genders in other Indo-European languages. The correlation between grammatical gender and biological gender is much less in Nithish than in other IE languages, due to the influence of Uralic languages.
-As in Latin and Greek, Nithish has various declension paradigms for nouns. Some common ones are:
+(im ~ Latin ambō)
-*first declension nouns - inanimate suffixless, animate ''-a'', collective ''-e''
-*second declension nouns - ''-i'', independent of gender
-*third declension nouns - ''-u'', independent of gender
-Gender has been almost completely regularized in Nithish, again due to Uralic influence -- it is correlated with morphology, so all nouns ending in ''-e'' are collective, even nouns like ''aste'' (bone), which derives from the Old Nithish neuter noun ''haste''. Most notably, Nithish pronouns do not inflect for gender, as in Armenian and Persian, but adjectives do; adjective genders follow lexical animacy when the noun is second or third declension and they follow nominal morphology for first declension nouns.
+hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė
+== Phonology ==
+Riphean has consistent initial stress.
+Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech
+Voiceless stops are not aspirated
+w and v as in Dutch
+c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally
+h devoices to [x]
+''đ'' = [ð], devoices to [θ]
+Stressed ''a e i o u'' = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u]
+''á é í ó ů'' = [a{{long}} e{{lowered}}{{long}} i{{long}} o{{lowered}}{{long}} u{{long}}]
+''ej ui ou'' = [ɛj œɥ ɔw]
+''l'' is velarized, ''r'' is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: ''wlch'' 'wolf', ''crn'' 'grain'.
+Auslautverhärtung
+Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese)
+== Morphology ==
+=== Nouns and adjectives ===
+==== Masculine animate ====
+The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. ''a'' in Spanish).
+manč "man"
+* nom. manč, manči
+* gen. mančez, manču
+* dat. manče, mančem
+* acc. manče, mančuz
+* ins. manču, mančiz
+==== Masculine inanimate ====
+Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: ''tam, tama''
+''tam'' "house"
+* nom. tam, tami
+* gen. tamez, tamu
+* dat. tame, tamem
+* acc. tam, tamuz
+* ins. tamu, tamiz
+==== Feminine -a ====
+kena "woman"
+* nom. kena, kenaz
+* gen. kenaz, kenu
+* dat. kene, kenam
+* acc. kenou, kenouz
+* ins. kenam, kenami
+==== Other feminine ====
+váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs."
+* nom. váni, vániz
+* gen. vániz, váňu
+* dat. váni, vánim
+* acc. váni, vániz
+* ins. vánim, vánimi
+nacht "night"
+* nom. nacht, nachtiz
+* gen. nachtiz, nachťu
+* dat. nachti, nachtim
+* acc. nachti, nachtiz
+* ins. nachtim, nachtmi
+==== Neuter ====
+céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind)
+* nom. céđ, céđa
+* gen. céđez, céđu
+* dat. céđe, céđem
+* acc. céđ, céđa
+* ins. céđu, céđiz
+==== Adjectives ====
+Indefinite and definite declensions
+=== Verbs ===
+etež "to eat"
+ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ
+(Polite pronoun?)
+negative ne
+==== ''buiž'' 'to be' ====
+ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ
+Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ
+==== Reflexive verbs ====
+ouchiž ze "to learn"
+ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze
+=== Numerals ===
+ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou
+ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi
+đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos)
+đouzuđ
+ejn "1" declines as follows:
+* nom. ejn, ejna, ejn
+tů "2" declines as follows:
+* nom. tů, twí, twej
+* gen. tweju
+* dat. twím
+* acc. tů, twí, twej
+* ins. twími
+đrí "3" declines as follows:
+* nom. đrí
+* gen. đríu
+* dat. đrím
+* acc. đrí
+* ins. đrími
+== Syntax ==
+German-like?
+== Swadesh list ==
+<poem>
+I: ec
+thou: ji
+he/she/it: ež/já/it
+we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there")
+ye: jíľud
+they: í/jáz/đá
+this: siđe
+that: đađe
+here: sím
+there: đám
+</poem>
+== Texts ==
+=== Schleicher's fable ===
+Ra oucha um ri dzrki
+Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz